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Bioaccumulation of Metals in Selected Cultured Fish Species and Human Health Risk Assessment: a Study in Mymensingh Sadar Upazila, Bangladesh

Priyanka Ghosh
Department of Geography and Environment, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh

Zia Ahmed
Department of Geography and Environment, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh

Rafiul Alam
BRAC James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, 68 Shahid Tajuddin Ahmed Sharani, Mohakhali, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh

Bilkis Ara Begum
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Shirin Akter
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Yeasmin Nahar Jolly
Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This paper aims to measure the metals (Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb) concentration and assesses human health risks posed by these eight metals in the five most available cultured fish species (Pangasiuspangasius, Oreochromisniloticus, Heteropneustesfossilis, Anabustestudineus, Clariasbatrachus) collected from the Mymenshing Sadar Upazila. Both fishes and three fish feeds were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF). In fish feeds, the concentrations of metals were detected in the following order Fe > Zn > Cu > Hg > Pb. Besides, Hg concentration in three feeds samples was found higher than the maximum residue limit. Fe, Cu, Cr, Co, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb concentration in fishes were 82.45 to 104.55, 24.47 to 32.88, 2.62 to 6.73, < 0.28, < 0.41, 70.01 to 96.56, 0.57 to 1.07, and 0.34 to 0.49 µg/g respectively as dry weight basis. Health Risk Index (HRI) was observed > 1 both for adults and children and maximum HRI values for Pb was found in both P. pangasius and C. batrachus fish species. Additionally, PCA explained 73% variation in data and CA comprised the similarity within sampling stations. Pearson correlation implied a strong association amongst the trace metals. Finally, the accumulation of metals tends to a massive health hazard that should be mitigated by adopting several measures on fish feeds.

Keywords: Cultured fishes, Fish feeds, Health risk, Metal pollution, Multivariate analysis

Location: Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-06-2019

End Date: 00-07-2019

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Health hazard, Aquatic animal

Objectives:

To determine the concentration of selected eight metals in five commercial fish species tissues (flesh), which are very available in Bangladesh and also assess the probable health risk due to the consumption of those fishes collected from the study area.

Methodology:

Study area and sampling procedure: The study area is located (latitude 24.38 N to 24.54 N and longitude 90.11 E to 90.31 E) in the Mymensingh Division of Bangladesh. Fish were sampled from this area because it is one of the concentrated aquaculture regions in Bangladesh. Fish were selected for sampling based on the species significance to local food habits and availability in the Bangladesh fish market. Five fish species (three of each) and fifteen fish samples were collected from five different fishing zones by the Multi-stage cluster method during the months of June to July 2019. Fishes were captured by using a seine net with the help of local fisherman and all the samples were in the mature stage. The samples were immediately placed in air-sealed plastic bags and kept in an icebox (Pinnacle TPX 60,091, Tokyo Plast Int., India) running at or below 40 F before further analysis laboratory of the Chemistry Division at Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Sample collection time and fish growth stage are depicted. Sample preparation and analysis: All the samples were prepared in the laboratory of the Chemistry Division of Atomic Energy Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Collected fish were washed multiple times with deionized water. Fish collected from the study area were cut into small pieces (2–4 cm) with the stainless steel knife, separated into flesh, and all the samples, including fish feed, were dried in an oven at 800 C until a constant weight was obtained (24–48 h in most cases). All dried samples were ground as powder by a carbide mortar and preserved in a plastic vial with an identification mark inside a desiccator. The samples were prepared and analyzed to ensure correct and reliable analytical data following a rigorous quality assurance/quality control (QA / QC) system. Prior to use, the disinfection equipment and sample containers were pre-cleaned with deionized water, and 100% Acetone (CH₃)₂CO was used for disinfection. Before being used for dissection, the stainless-steel scissor and knife were washed with 100% Acetone (CH₃)₂CO per flesh sample Clariasbatrachus e. Sterile laboratory gloves and nose masks were used throughout the experimental session to avoid hand contamination of the samples. All readings were taken in triplicates to minimize errors. All analytical values were exported from the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) to Microsoft Office 365 Excel 2013 version 15.0 to calculate means and standard deviations (SD). Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 and Stata 13. After that, all the statistical analyses were rechecked by SPSS 16. While constructing the calibration curve, Tuna homogenates were used as a commercially available fish standard. The following curves were constructed by plotting the sensitivities of the elements using the atomic number as a function. Subsequently, certified referenced materials were used to check the accuracy and precision of the constructed calibration curve (Hasan et al. 2020). The obtained result indicates that the proposed method is valid for determining the heavy metals in the fish and fish feed samples. The recoveries ranged from 87.66 to 108.27% and the resulted relative error and coefficient of variance were found less than 10% for most of the considered metals.

Source of Information: Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, April 2021

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The study demonstrated the concentration of metal in fish feeds and determined the metal concentration in the selected commercial fish flesh. However, the result of the present investigation indicates that the metal concentration in fish feeds may be responsible for bioaccumulation of metal in the fish flesh but future research work about fish feeds and fish metal accumulation considering other factors such as time, growth of fish and size of fish helps to understand about accumulation process and concentration. Health-related diseases may cause for consumption of fishes with high degrees of metals. Amongst the measured fish species, Heteropneustesfossilis was found to have a lower accumulation of metals. According to the indices result, this fish species likely to be safer compared to other fish species. In contrast, Clariasbatrachus was observed to have a high contamination rate comparatively. As samples were collected from homogenous areas in different fishing zone, the degree of contamination might not vary significantly within the study area. The study provides useful tools for future ecotoxicological studies and the safety of consumers and helps the decision-maker implement rules and guidelines about the manufacture of commercial fish feed for fisheries. In developing countries, cultured fish are a regular part of the diet for most people, and from the consumer safety perspective, regular investigation and monitoring of related institutions and authorities are strictly required. A better aquaculture management system should be established for the conservation of the fish resources for the next generation, and more attention should be given on the manufacturing environment, and health-friendly fish feeds.

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