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Metal Contamination of Commercial Fish Feed and Quality Aspects of Farmed Tilapia (oreochromis Niloticus) in Bangladesh

Goutam Kumar Kundu
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammad Alauddin
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mosammat Salma Akter
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mohammad Shahneawz Khan
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Md. Monirul Islam
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Gouri Mondal
Department of Fisheries, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dipa Islam
Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Liton Chandra Mohanta
Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Amdadul Huque
Biomedical and Toxicological Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

In this study, we evaluated the heavy metal load of the formulated commercial fish feeds and heavy metal burden in cultured tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Muktagacha, Mymensingh, one of the concentrated aquaculture regions of Bangladesh. Three of the most commonly used commercial fish feeds namely Quality, Mega, Rupshi, manufactured by Quality feeds limited, Spectra hexa feeds limited., and Rupshi fish feed limited respectively and tilapia were collected from nine aquaculture farms selected randomly from the Muktagacha, Mymensingh region. Heavy metal (Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Na, Cr, Ni) concentrations were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) in edible muscle from fish and in fish feeds. We observed higher concentrations of Cd, Fe, Na and Pb in fish feeds and in fish muscles, all of which exceeded the World Health Organizations' or other standard limits for food safety. The highest target hazard quotient (THQ) value was estimated for Na (1.51) followed by Cd (1.45), which was higher than the acceptable guideline of the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). In the case of target cancer risk (TR), consumption of tilapia at the current accumulation level is safe but continuous and excess consumption for a lifetime of more than 70 years is at risk of cancer.

Keywords: Fish Feed, Tilapia, Metal contamination, Aquaculture

Location: Muktagacha Upazilla of Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Quality and Nutrition

Non-commodity: Performance

Objectives:

In the present study, we aim to evaluate the presence of heavy metals in commercial fish feeds and their accumulation in tilapia fish tissues in order to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with the consumption of the farmed tilapia fish in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Collection of samples: Fish feed and fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples were collected from Muktagacha Upazilla of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Three most commonly used feed brands, namely: Quality, Mega, and Rupshi were identified from key informant interviews in the region. Fish feed was collected in a sealed sampling bag. Three categories of fish feeds (nursery, starter, and grower) of each brand were sampled from nine Tilapia farms. Adult freshwater Tilapias of 100 g to 150 g were collected from tilapia farms. After collection, the samples were cleaned with deionized-distilled water, stored in pre-cleaned plastic bags, and transported in an icebox to the laboratory and stored in the freezer (-20 ⁰C) for further analysis. Preparation of the samples: The fish muscles (0.4 to 0.5 g) were separated and dried in an oven at 80 ⁰C until a constant weight was obtained. Afterward, samples were homogenized and placed in a Teflon digestion vessel with 7 ml of ultra-pure HNO3 and 1 ml of H2O2. Sealed containers were placed in a microwave oven and heated according to the digestion program (Power 1600W (100%), Ramp time 15 min, Temperature 200º C, Hold time 15 min and cooling time 10 min). After digestion, sample solutions were cooled to room temperature and transferred quantitatively into acid cleaned 100 ml standard volumetric flasks and made up to 100 ml with double-distilled deionized water. Microwave digestion is used instead of classical methods because of its shorter time, less acid consumption, and ability to retain volatile compounds in the solutions11. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations fish muscle content of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), sodium (Na), and chromium (Cr) were determined with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Model Shimadzu AA-7000) using acetylene gas as fuel and air as an oxidizer. All the equipment used in the experiment was acid-washed for 24 h in dilute nitric acid (10% v/v); afterward, were rinsed several times with deionized water. Digested samples were aspirated into the fuel-rich air acetylene flame and the metal concentrations were determined from the calibration curves obtained from standard solutions. The flame atomic absorption spectroscopy technique has been widely employed for elemental analysis in a number of matrices such as soils, water, nuts wine and wine products12. The technique is based on the principle of ground state metals absorbing light at a specific wavelength and relies on Beer Lambert’s law13. The atoms of lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and chromium (Cr) are known to absorb radiations at wavelengths of 217 nm, 232 nm, 324.8 nm, 248.3 nm 228.8 nm and 357.9 nm, respectively from a hollow cathode lamp14. Standard stock solutions of the targeted heavy metals were prepared by diluting each single element stock with deionized distilled water containing 1% (v/v) nitric acid. At each step of the measurement process, acid blanks were performed to ensure that chemicals used were not contaminated with metals and the measurements were corrected for the blanks. The actual concentration of each metal was calculated using the following formula: Actual concentration of metal in sample = (mg/kg)R× dilution factor where:(mg/kg)R = AAS Reading of digestDilution Factor = Volume of digest used ⁄ Weight of digested sample health risk estimation. Target hazard quotient: The target hazard quotient (THQ) is an estimate of the risk level (non-carcinogenic) due to pollutant exposure. To estimate the human health risk from consuming metal-contaminated fish, the target hazard quotient (THQ) was calculated as per USEPA Region III Risk-Based Concentration Table15.

Source of Information: Bioresearch Communication Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2017

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

This study was performed to understand trace metal accumulation from feed-in farmed fish. The results of the study revealed that the fish feeds analyzed contained some of the heavy metals in varying proportions. As a whole, the average copper, chromium and nickel concentration in the feeds used in Mymensingh, was considerably below the maximum allowed limit, permitting a less frequent control of this element. The average cadmium and lead content in feeds were higher than the maximum allowed concentrations. This signifies that practically, control for cadmium and lead amounts in commercial feed is necessary. The present study concludes that tilapia collected from different farms accumulate various metals at different concentrations. However, at the current concentration level in fish, no metal was found to pose potential carcinogenic health risk individually, but collectively, the metals were found enough to be considered as a potential human health hazard. Further studies should be done to cover more locations/divisions of the country, and include other fish feeds available in the region for metal contamination screening.

Knowledge Management: Journal