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Research Detail

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Md Safiul Islam Afrad
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Anwara Begum
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Md Enamul Haque
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Bangandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Noor Shaila Sarmin
Department of Agro-Forestry and Environment, Bangandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

The focal objective guided the present study was to investigate the impact of labor migration on rural livelihood. Pakundia upazila under Kishoregonj district was purposively selected as the locale of the study. Three villages viz. Narandi, Hossendi and Patuabhanga were randomly selected. A sample consisting of 80 respondents, having at least one migrant agricultural labor was selected following stratified proportionate random sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected by  the researchers using a structured interview schedule through face to face interview method. Qualitative data were collected through group discussion and direct observation methods. Statistics like range, mean, percentile and rank order were employed throughout the study. Majority (54.5%) of the household owners fell under old age group; 53.2 percent belonged to the group of primary level of education; 56.3 percent had medium family; 78.8 percent families were nuclear; more than half (51.0%) of them belonged to medium income category; greater part (55.2%) of them had medium contact with the sources of information; 50.1 percent of the respondents had low organizational participation; and 50.0 percent of them showed high cosmopoliteness. Majority of migrant workers (46.7%) migrated in Middle East and Dhaka city (25.3). Major causes of labor migration were higher income possibilities, job security, social status, major types of migration were rural-urban, migration to other country and seasonal migration. Vital negative impacts of labor migration on agriculture were: decreased family labor; dependency on remittance; and increased vulnerability difficult situation. Vibrant positive impacts of labor migration were observed on financial capital (increased remittance flow and total household income) followed by physical (enriched household gadgets and real properties possession), human (improved skills in agricultural practices and enhanced competency in managing farm production) and social capitals (enhanced social relation and developed social network)while negative impact was observed on natural capital (decreased agricultural land status and natural vegetation). Hiring labor, change in cropping pattern and agricultural transformation were the major ways of coping up with labor shortage in agricultural production.

  Impact, Labor, Migration, Livelihood, Rural
  Pakundia upazila under Kishorgonj district, Bangladesh.
  00-10-2019
  00-12-2019
  Socio-economic and Policy
  Impact

To: i) assess the socioeconomic status of household owners in the study area; ii) investigate the status of agricultural labor migration; iii) examine the impact of labor migration on agriculture rural livelihood; and iv) explore the means of coping up with the labor migration situation for adjusting agricultural production.

Descriptive research design was applied in the present study. Pakundia upazila under Kishorgonj district was purposively selected as the locale of the present study. Three villages in Pakundia upazila viz. Narandi, Patuabhanga and Hossendi were selected from the upazila having high observed migration of labor. Lists 960 households having at least one migrant agricultural labor in these selected villages were collected from the respective Union Parishad Members. Stratified proportionate random sampling technique was followed in selecting 80 household head as respondent of the study. It constituted 8.33 percent of the total household heads. Another 10 family heads were kept as reserve. An interview schedule was prepared to collect relevant data according to the objectives of study. The instrument was pre- tested prior to the actual administration to the respondents. The pre-test was carried out on the respondents that were not part of sample of the study. Data were collected from the selected respondents using pre-tested interview schedule through face-to- face interview method during October to December 2019. A group discussion was held with a group consisting of 45 members including 15 from each of these three villages to find out the destination of migrant from the study area. In addition, direct observation was made during collection of data to understand the actual situation prevailing in the villages. Appropriate scales and measurement techniques were used to ensure correct responses to the variables of concern. The independent variables  considered in this study were; age, educational level, family size, family type, annual family income, savings status of the family, cosmopoliteness, contact with the sources of information and organizational participation while impact of migration on the livelihood of the respondent was the dependent variable. Collected data were compiled, coded, categorized, and analyzed in accordance with the objectives of the study. Qualitative data were converted into quantitative form by means of suitable scoring method. Descriptive statistics; viz. frequency, percentage and rank order analysis were used for presentation of results. Age of the respondent was measured by counting years and classified into three categories according to Islam (2011). Education of the respondents was measured in formal schooling years and categorized into five categories illiterate, signature ability, primary education, secondary education and above secondary education following Tuli (2011). The family size of the respondent was measured in number of individuals in the family including himself, his wife, children and other dependents and classified into three categories on the basis of their family size according to Parvez (2007). Types of family were classified into two categories, namely; nuclear family and joint/ extended family. Cosmopoliteness was measured in score of respondents on the basis of their visit to three different places “frequently”, “occasionally”, “rarely” and “not at all” and the weights assigned to these visits were ‘3’, ‘2’, ‘1’ and ‘0’, respectively following Rahman (2011). Contact with sources of information scores of the respondents were compiled on the basis of their extent of contact with eight sources of information “frequently”, “sometimes”, “rarely” and “not at all” and corresponding assigned weights for each response were ‘3’, ‘2’, ‘1’ and ‘0’, respectively following Patwary (2018). Organizational participation of the respondent was measured by membership in six different organizations and weights assigned ‘0’ for “no participation”, ‘1’ for “not member but attend occasionally”, ‘2’ for “ordinary member”, ‘3’ for “ordinary member and attend meeting regularly” and ‘4’ for “active member”. Respondents were classified into three categories on the basis of their organizational participation according to Sultana (2015). Annual family income of the respondents was measured in BDT on the basis of total yearly earning from agriculture and non-agriculture sources by  family members was categorized into three classes according to Ali (2007). Saving status was identified by asking their opinion into three types viz. ‘saving’, ‘no savings’ and ‘indebt’. Reasons for agricultural labor migration were computed by directly asking to mention their opinions in a four-point rating scale. The continuums of the scale were: ‘no’, ‘low’, ‘moderate’ and ‘high’ and the corresponding scores assigned to each of the continuum were ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, and ‘3’, respectively. Rank order of the causes was prepared to get a comprehensive idea on the statements. Thus, a statement for 80 respondents could score a cumulative weightage of ‘0’ to ‘240’ where ‘0’ would indicate ‘no’ cause of migration and ‘240’ would indicate ‘high’ cause of migration. Based on their cumulative score of each statement, rank order of causes of labor migration was computed. Types of labor migration from the respondents’ family were measured by asking direct question. By adding the frequency of each type of family labor, rank order of labor migration type was calculated. Impact of labor migration on rural livelihood being the dependent variable of the study was measured in terms of changes in livelihood capitals viz. human capital, physical capital, financial capital, social capital and  natural capital of the rural families following DFID (1999). Change in each capital was measured computing the changes in each of two statements. And total changes in each capital was computed adding the changes in each of two statements of each of five capitals. The respondents were asked to provide their opinions on the influence of agricultural labor migration in each of the five capital through 10 statements in four-point rating scale viz. “no change”, “low change”, “moderate change” and “high change”. Corresponding scores of ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’ and ‘3’  were assigned against their responses of “low change”, “moderate change” and “high change”, respectively. Thus, the assigned score of each statement for 80 respondents could range from ‘0’ to ‘240’ where ‘0’ would indicate ‘no change’ and ‘240’ would indicate high change in their livelihood. Coping strategy to adjust labor shortage in agricultural production was measured by asking their opinions against seven selected statements in a three-point rating scale. The continuums of the scale were: ‘low’, ‘moderate’ and ‘high’ against the corresponding assigned scores of ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘2’, and ‘3’, respectively. Rank order of the coping strategy statements was prepared to get a comprehensive idea on each statement. Thus, cumulative scores of a statement could range from ‘0’ to ‘240’ where ‘0’ would indicate ‘low’ means of coping up of labor shortage and ‘240’ would indicate ‘high’ means of coping up the same.

  The Agriculturists 2020; 18(1) 66-80
  https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v18i1.49460
Funding Source:
  

Socio-economic features of the household owners reveal that majority of them fall under old age group; belonged to the group of primary level of education; had large family size; major part of family were nuclear had medium income category; greater part had medium contact with the sources of information having low organizational participation and high cosmopolite characteristics. In case of internal migration, migrant workers mainly migrate in Dhaka city but in case of abroad migration they migrate in Middle East. Major cause of labor migration is higher income possibility followed by job security, social status, positive information about city, law and order situation, better health service and hardship. Out of different types of migration rural-urban migration and migration to other country are the most dominant. Vital negative impact of labor migration on agricultural production is decreased family labor followed by remittance dependency and increased vulnerability, decreased agricultural land, decreased crop production and food insecurity. Important positive impact of migration on rural livelihood is on financial capital followed by physical, human and social capitals whereas negative impact is on natural capital. The household owners who faced labor constraints are able to overcome the situation by hiring labor to assist in their farm operations. Sometimes, they change cropping patterns for decreasing wages of labor, work with other respondents, and reduce fragmented land. Increased growth both in agriculture, since most rural workers earn their living from primary production; and the rural non-farm economy are important to consider side by side. Therefore, growth in agriculture will create some new jobs, first and foremost in the industrial forms of farming. Development or the intensification of the non-farm economy will be vital in creating new jobs and, consequently, putting increasing pressure on rural wages. Credit providing organizations may come forward to help respondents by providing financial support as soft loan at an easy terms and condition. Awareness raising campaign may be held by the concerned authority on the importance of natural capital as the source of agricultural production.

  Journal
  


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