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Evaluation and Monitoring of Water Quantity and Quality of the Buriganga River in Bangladesh Using Multi-temporal Landsat Images

Romana Afroz
Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Md. Bodruddoza Mia
Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Md. Saiful Islam
Department of Geology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Buriganga River, the study area, is one of the most polluted and decreasing expeditiously its area in Bangladesh due to rapid urbanization, effluents of industries and factories surrounding the river, sewage disposal from Dhaka City and some anthropogenic activities. The objective of this study is to evaluate and monitor the water quantity and quality of the river using satellite remote sensing techniques. Unsupervised and indices based classification were used to derive and monitor landuse-landcover (LULC), surface water distribution (SWD), land surface temperature(LST) and total suspended material (TSM) using four sets of Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI/TIRS images of the study area from 1989 to 2015. The indices are Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). LULC classification results showed that the water bodies and vegetation decreased and consequently urban as well bared area increased from 1989 to 2015. Results of indices (NDVI and NDWI) analysis are similar to that of unsupervised LULC outputs, that is, the water bodies decreased with increasing urban structures of the study area. The surface water distribution monitoring results from the suitable change detection GIS model indicate that the water bodies have decreased about 31.07% and accretion rate increased rapidly from 1989 to 2015 along the river bank due to urbanization and accretion activity is more prominent in north, northeast, northwest, south, southeast and eastern part. The study also shows that the rate of TSM is sporadically increasing during the study period i.e., the maximum and minimum value of TSM was 56215.53 and 1956 mg/l in 1989 and 14188714.35 mg/l and 333942 mg/l in 2015 respectively; this indicates that the water is harmful for aquatic life. Both the analyzed satellite image outcome and in situ observations reveal that land surface temperature is also increased in some part of the study area. The study results could be used to make policy for upgrading the water quality and to maintain the extent and water quantity for agriculture, navigation and fisheries sectors of the Buriganga River.

Keywords: Water quantity and quality, Landsat image, Buriganga River

Location: Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh.

Start Date: 00-00-1989

End Date: 00-00-2015

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: River

Objectives:

The objective of this study is to evaluate and monitor the water quantity and quality of the river using satellite remote sensing techniques.

Methodology:

The Buriganga River flows past the southwest outskirts of Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh. Its average depth is 7.6 m (25 ft) and its maximum depth is 18 meter (58 ft), length is 18 km (11 miles) (Wikipedia, 2016). The Buriganga River encompasses the south-western periphery of Dhaka City (Islam, 2005). In the distant past, a course of the Ganges River used to reach the Bay of Bengal through the Dhaleshwari River. When this course gradually shifted and ultimately lost its link with the main channel of the Ganges it was renamed as the Buriganga. The main flow of the Buriganga River comes from the Turag River. The area is surrounded by the residential areas on all of its sides. The study area comprises an area of 1411.47 Hectares. The study area lies between 90°20'09.46"E to 90°26'59.14"E in longitude and 23°37'36.22"N to 23°47'08.27"N in latitude. Four set of Landsat satellite images from 1989 to 2015 were used for this study i.e., Landsat TM images of February 13, 1989 and February 15, 2010, Landsat ETM+ image of February 28, 2000 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS image of January 28, 2015. The quantitative approaches for the study were to estimate surface water bodies using satellite images based image classification, vegetation and water indices, while the qualitative approaches includes surface water temperature, water samples analysis in laboratory as in the flow chart. After retrieving the water bodies quantitatively using the mentioned three approaches, a change detection model of GIS was applied to monitor the changes of surface water bodies within the Buriganga River from 1989 to 2015 (Mia et al., 2014).

Source of Information: The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 8(1), 2019, P 61-69

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/dujees.v8i1.50760

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The Buriganga River is the main river flowing beside Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. City dwellers largely depend on the Buriganga’s water for drinking, fishing and carrying merchandise. The effect of changing of water quantity and quality is more vulnerable in overpopulated Dhaka and Narayanganj areas. The landuse-landcover characteristics of the study area have not been studied using satellite images in the past. Detail land use-land cover map prepared using satellite image could be an important prerequisite for the development of infrastructure and socio-economic growth of a nation. The study has been successful in identifying the landuse-landcover especially the water body and urban area. Three classification approaches were used for mapping the study area for the year of 1989, 2000, 2010 and 2015 and from these three classes it is depicted that the water body is decreasing day by day. The average reduction area of the water body is 177.07 hectares from1989 to 2015 and the percentage is 21.8% and the rate of reduction per year is 6.83 hectares. By change detection model it is found that erosion-accretion activities are prominent in the study area especially accretion towards north, northwest, northeast, south, southeast and eastern part of Buriganga river due to rapid urbanization and construction. Total suspended materials increased alarmingly over the study period in the Buriganga River. We also observed increased LST both from satellite image analysis result and field in situ data. This study indicates that the water of Buriganga is decreasing rapidly day by day and the quantity is deteriorating from its surrounding point and non- point sources which include discharges from tannery industries, sewage and municipal wastewater. Identification of water bodies and detection the changes of distribution of water bodies of this study area using satellite images would be useful to quantify the water bodies which can be helpful for the city dwellers and the policy makers and also utilized toward proper planning and sustainable development of agriculture, fisheries and navigation in this area.

Knowledge Management: Journal