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Heavy Metals Accumulation in Different Cultivated Fish Tissues Through Commercial Fish Feeds and Health Risk Estimation in Consumers in Bangladesh

Biraj Saha
Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, 45-50 Hazaribagh, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

Md. Abdul Mottalib
Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, 45-50 Hazaribagh, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1209, Bangladesh

A. N. M Al-razee
Departmentof Analytical Chemistry & Environmental Science, Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Polash, Narsingdi-1611, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Cultivated fishes are major protein and microelement sources for all sorts of people in Bangladesh due to their availability and affordability. Since heavy metals are persistent in the aquatic environment, these metals can accumulate in the food chain. Cultivated fishes containing heavy metals can cause a carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to human as it biologically accumulates heavy metals from commercial feeds. In this study, seven types of cultivated fishes and their respective commercial feeds were collected from different cultivation farms based on different physical characteristics and after taking dry weight, 1g of each sample was digested with an acid mixture. Data analysis was carried out using ICP-OES (Optima-7000DV) software. This study was designed to access the content of heavy metals in the flesh of fish species through feeds available in Bangladesh and potential health risk calculation for consumers due to intake daily. The concentration (mg/kg, dry weight) range of heavy metals like; Pb (4.56-7.08), Cd (0.23-1.28), Cr (4.00-7.08), Cu (11.23-20.62), As (0.08-0.34), Hg (0.05-0.34) in selected commercial fish feeds and Pb (4.35-8.03), Cd (0.87-1.35), Cr (4.71-8.98), Cu (14.00-31.80), As (0.17-0.28), Hg (0.08-0.41) in collected fishes. Statistical analysis was interpreted to show data variability and coherence. The recorded concentration value for selected metals in fish tissues and feeds was also compared with the safe limit proposed by World Health Organization (WHO, 1995), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 1983), European Union (EU, 2001). This study also estimated the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to the daily consumption of these cultivated fishes for a certain age.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Bioaccumulation, Fish, Fish Feed, Carcinogenic, Heavy metal

Location: Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Fish, Heavy metal

Objectives:

The study was concerned to access the heavy metal concentration in different commercial fish feeds and their bio-accumulation in different types of cultivated fishes with probable health impacts on the human body.

Methodology:

Fishes that are generally cultured in freshwater in a closed area by providing commercial fish feeds are called cultivated fish. Cultivated fishes are cheap and available in the local market in Bangladesh. Seven types of fish with their respective commercial feeds were collected from the different cultivated fish farms in the southern part of Bangladesh. A total of 14 samples (7 types of fishes and 7 types of feeds) was collected and analyzed for heavy metal concentration in the present study. Sample Digestion: Once the fishes were cut with a sharp stainless-steel knife, samples (fish tissues) were kept in plastic boxes, stored at -18^oC, and digested as soon as possible. All collected fish samples were cut into small pieces and dried in an oven at 105^oC until a constant weight was achieved and finally powdered. Feed samples were also dried similarly. 1g (dry weight) of the homogenate of each sample (Fish and Feed) was taken into a quick fit round bottom flask and a 15 mL mixture of concentrated HNO3, H2SO4and HClO4 in (4:1:1; v/v) was into the flask. A condenser was set up added with the flask and the mixture was stirred at 85°C for 3 hours until the proper digestion was completed and the solution became colorless. Then, the sample was removed and allowed to cool. Filtration of all digested samples was done with Whitman no. 42 filter paper and the filtration was transferred into the volumetric flask and finally diluted to 50 mL with deionized water. Samples were kept in a refrigerator to avoid evaporation until metal analysis. All knives, glassware (round bottom flask, condenser, and magnet) were rinsed with dilute HNO3 solution and then was washed several times with tap water and finally with deionized water. All were dried in an oven at 110^oC to remove moisture. Sample Analysis: All samples were analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Spectroscopy (Optima-7000DV, USA). The precision and analytical accuracy of the analyses were checked by the analysis of standard reference material C.P.A Chem., Bulgaria. The percent recovery was between 96.3-104.8%.

Source of Information: Chem Rev Lett4 (2021) 10-20 ISSN (online): 2645-4947(print) 2676-7279

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A significant amount of analyzed metal trans-located in analyzed all fish species from fish feeds due to the high bio-accumulation rate. The recorded results revealed that the content of Pb, Cr, Hg in the selected fish feeds and fish samples was beyond the acceptable level, though the Cd, Cu and As content in these selected samples was below the maximum acceptable limit of the different international organization. Industrial development and anthropogenic activities may be responsible to contaminate the food chain. The presence of a high amount of toxic metals in selected fish species may pose a significant risk to human health. However, the concentration of few selected metals exceeded the safe limit, the calculated target hazard quotient and target cancer risk for each selected metals in all analyzed fish species within the tolerable limit of USEPA, indicating no carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk to humans due to daily ingestion. It is not fully possible to avoid toxic metal pollution in the aquatic food chain but the food quality control authority, policymakers and fish farm owners should take necessary steps to monitor the feed quality to prevent major heavy metal pollution in cultivated fishes in Bangladesh.

Knowledge Management: Journal