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Muscular Tissue Bioaccumulation and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Two Edible Fish Species (gudusia Chapra and Eutropiichthys Vacha) in Padma River, Bangladesh

Dil Afroza Khanom
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Amirun Nesa
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Muhammad Abu Sayed Jewel
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Muhammad Ayenuddin Haque
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Alok Kumar Paul
Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh

Sonia Iqbal
Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

Usman Atique
Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, South Korea

Lubna Alam
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), School of Environmental & Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 UKM BANGI, Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This study investigated edible and commercially valuable fish species viz. Gudusia chapra and Eutropiichthys vacha, for the muscular tissue bioaccumulation of selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and their human health risks. A total of 50 fish species (25 individuals each) were examined from the Padma River, Bangladesh, and subjected to heavy metals presence and loads by detection after wet digestion of samples. The results displayed the hierarchy of average levels of the targeted metals in G. chapra in declining order of Zn (14.37) > Cu (12.63) >Mn (1.39) > Cr (0.64) >Pb (0.38) > Cd (0.03 mg/kg) whereas, Zn (11.89) > Cu (11.18) >Mn (1.69) > Cr (0.52) >Pb (0.19) > Cd (0.01 mg/kg) in E. vacha. The t-test indicated significant differences (P<0.05) between Pb and Zn, while, the inter-species relationships were not significant for the other metals investigated. The estimated average daily dose (ADD) intake remained below the reference dose as recognized by the international guidelines of WHO, FAO, and USEPA. Furthermore, the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) outcomes labelled a non-carcinogenic threat to the consumers. In conclusion, this study provides useful insights into the identification of potential risks of these commercially valuable fishes to the continuous consumption of fish flesh originating from a contaminated water body may lead to heavy metals toxicity leading to mental retardation, kidney tissue damages, cancerous cell growth, and even death in case of chronic exposure.

Keywords: Heavy metals, Gudusia chapra, Eutropiichthys vacha, Human health risk, Padma River, Manganese, Cadmium

Location: Padma River, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal, Fish

Objectives:

This study was planned to evaluate the selected heavy metals viz. Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations in G. chapra and E. vacha from Padma River, Bangladesh. We also determined the potential human health risks posed by the oral consumption of these two species that could have been exposed to the heavy metals in Padma River.

Methodology:

Study area and sampling strategy: This study was carried out for five months from October 2016 to February 2017 in the Padma River stretch along with the Rajshahi City Corporation, which is in the northwestern part of Bangladesh (Figure 1). Two fish species, viz. Chapila (G. chapra) and Bacha (E. vacha) were collected from Shaheb Bazar Point of Padma River. A total of fifty fish pieces (25 each species) were taken as samples. The fishes were collected by using various types of fishing gear, including cast net, square lift net, conical trap, and monofilament fixed gill net. After collection, the fish samples were stored in the icebox to prevent the decaying of muscle tissues and maintaining the moister. The fishes were transferred to the research lab immediately, often within three hours before deep freeze storage until sample processing for heavy metal assessment. These two fish species can be identified in the photographs shown in Figure 2. Sample preparation Muscle tissues of each fish piece were used in the present experiment to estimate the bioaccumulated heavy metal contents in edible tissues. The samples were then dried in an oven at 110⁰C for three days until a steady weight in the laboratory. After cooling in the desiccator, the whole fish samples were ground by a hand grinder and homogenized. The powdered samples were then finally stored in a precleaned dry container and preserved in desiccators by sealing to avoid moisture gain until further analyses. Digestion procedure For the quantitative analyses of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Mn (Manganese) and Copper (Cu), the fish samples were digested. The whole digestion procedure of fish samples was performed at the Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) laboratory, Rajshahi. To determine the present levels of heavy metals, a wet digestion method was used (Khalifa et al., 2010). The wet digestion of each of the fish samples was completed by the utilization of an oxy-acidic mixture of HNO₃ /HClO₄ (4:1) (10 ml was used for the 1.0 g sample) using 250 ml beaker. Thus, the obtained mixture was boiled at 120^o C for three hours and then condensed to 25 ml volume using the de-ionized water. The blank digestion preparation was also performed by using the same method. The beaker walls were then washed down with de-ionized water and the samples were filtered (Whatman 0.42 μm) in a volumetric flask of 100 ml capacity. In the end, each of the samples was made to with the required volume by using the de-ionized water (AOAC, 2005). Sample analysis The sample analyses were completed at the Central Science Laboratory of the University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi. Analyses of the heavy metal contents were performed with a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (Shimadzu, AA-6800) that uses the acetylene gas as its fuel and while the air is used as an oxidizer (Khalifa et al., 2010). The prepared fish samples were aspirated for the determination of final metal concentration values by using the calibration curves that were drawn according to the standard solutions prepared separately for each metal studied. For each metal assessment, the averages of three replicates were used. The following formula calculated the metal content of the fish samples (dry weight basis):

Source of Information: Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 35(1): 81-89.

Article Link (Online Journal): https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pujz/2020.35.1.81.89

Funding Source:

1.

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In conclusion, a significant difference was discovered in the metal contents in the edible muscle tissues of these targeted fish species. Zn was observed at a higher quantity, while Cd at a lower amount in both fish species in Padma River. However, studied metals were found significantly correlated to each other that indicated a similar source of these metals to fish. Most of the metals did not exceed the permissible limits given by different regulatory organizations. According to the daily dietary allowance, the estimated average daily dose intake for the examined fish species was far below the risk level except for manganese. Therefore, the human health risks posed by the contamination of targeted metals bioaccumulation in the edible muscle tissues of the fish species with respect to the targeted heavy metals were low. However, constant monitoring of the Padma River environment should be recommended to reduce future risks of heavy metal toxicity posed by the bioaccumulation in riverine fish species.

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