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Prevalence of Malnutrition and Associated Factors of Pond Fish Farmers from Noakhali Coast, Bangladesh

F.H. Pingki
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

M.B. Hossain
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

S. M. Nurul Amin
International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050 Port Dickson, Sembilan, Malaysia

M. Sultana
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

M.M. Islam
Nutrition Unit, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council, Farmgate, Dhaka

A.F.M. Arifur Rahman
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

A.U. Nur
Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

Aziz Arshad *
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali-3814, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Aim: Methodology: Results: Interpretation: Keywords: Current investigation was conducted to elucidate the occurrence of malnutrition and related factors of pond fish farmers from Noakhali coast, Bangladesh. Eighty male pond fish farmers, aged 18-70 years, from Noakhali Sadar, Subarnachar, Kobirhat and Ramgati Upazila of Noakhali coast, Bangladesh were selected randomly for the investigation. Data were collected through questionnaire interview and survey, focus group discussion, cross-check interviews, Body Mass Index, Mid Upper Arm Circumference and blood Hb level. Pearson correlation was used to determine the association between anthropometric and socio-demographic characteristics and simple linear regression was fitted to identify factors associated with malnutrition among pond fish farmers. The overall prevalence of malnutrition, overweight, obesity of pond fish farmers were 18.8%, 21.2% and 17.5%, respectively, based on BMI while the prevalence of malnutrition was 23.7% as per MUAC. The prevalence of mild anaemia (57.5%) was high compared to the global anaemia prevalence. 10% had no education while 22.5%, 20%, 7.5% and 5% had primary, secondary, higher secondary and bachelor education level, respectively. The highest (38.8%) annual income of the pond fish farmers was 1,300-1,785 USD. Significant variations (tested by one-way ANOVA) in nutritional status and socio-demographic characteristics were observed. Pearson correlations of age with MUAC exhibited significant (r = -0.271; p < 0.05) negative association, BMI was found positively and significantly correlated with an annual income (r = 0.223; p< 0.05) and MUAC (r = 0.246; p< 0.05) Linear regression analysis revealed that the age of pond fish farmers had a negative significant influence on MUAC and positive impact of annual income on BMI. The prevalence of malnutrition, mild anaemia with poor economic status was high among the pond fish farmers of Noakhali Coast. Therefore, community-based health and nutritional education, effective public health and nutritional intervention programs, poverty alleviation program and economic growth may improve the overall health, nutritional knowledge and thus status of pond fish farmers.

Keywords: Sex Ratio, Length Frequency Distribution, Length-Weight Relationship, Length-Length Relationship, Ganges River, Macrognathus aculeatus

Location: four upazilas of Noakhali Coast

Start Date: 06-11-2018

End Date: 07-01-2019

Program Area: Quality and Nutrition

Non-commodity: Livelihood

Objectives:

The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors in pond fish farmers of Noakhali coast, Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Study site: The present study was executed in eight unions from four Upazilas of Noakhali Coast based on a collection of data from the 80 pond fish farmers during the period 6 November, 2018 to 7 January, 2019. Data collection: A draft questionnaire was developed and pretested with few pond fish farmers before collecting primary data. The final questionnaire was then pre-tested, improved and modified. The questionnaire included anthropometric characteristics (Height, weight, MUAC), anaemia prevalence (Hb level) and socio-demographic (sex, age, religion, education, annual income) characteristics of pond fish farmers. Secondary data on nutritional health were gathered from books, from various published and unpublished relevant documents of various sources, journal articles, government and non-government organizations like the District Fisheries Office, Central Library of Noakhali Science and Technology University. Height and weight were measured using ideal height and weight measuring scale (H07, Zhongshan Dingheng Yipin Home Product Co. Ltd., Chaina). While measuring the weight, individuals were requested to be barefooted and put off heavy clothes, and weight was logged in to the nearest 0.5 kg, for measuring, height individuals were positioned to stand on plain land, barefoot looking straight. Height was recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm. Nutritional health condition was calculated by estimating the Body Mass Index (BMI) by the following formula and classified according to “Asian criteria” (WHO, 2000; Llido and Mirasol, 2011). MUAC value was calculated to the nearest 0.1 cm with a tape, and measurement was taken at the theme-point of the upper left arm. After locating the mid-point, the subjects were asked to keep their arm extended with palm facing inward. The tape was wrapped smoothly and gently around the mid-point of the arm, and MUAC was classified according to James et al. (1994), Tang et al. (2013) and Ulijaszek and Kerr (1999). During the study, the blood samples were collected to assess the prevalence of anaemia by a nurse who was trained for two days. Anemia prevalence was assessed by determining the -1 haemoglobin level (gdl ) as per WHO (1992; WHO, 2001) using + Hemoglobin analyzer (HemoCue Hb 201, HemoCue AB, Sweden). Data processing and analysis: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test the difference in the mean anthropometric characteristics. Simple linear regression and Pearson correlation coefficients (r) were used to elucidate the interrelationship between anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics. Age and annual income were used as continuous independent variables in these analyses. Data were evaluated by software SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 25.

Source of Information: . J. Environ. Biol., 41, 1171-1178 (2020).

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI : http://doi.org/10.22438/jeb/41/5(SI)/MS_08

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The nutritional status mostly relies on the availability of nutritious food in the household. Due to low income and poor education, they are deprived of nutritious food. In developing countries like Bangladesh, the low-income level does not permit the type and amount of nutritious food available for consumption. It is unfortunate that maximum pond fish farmers are not aware of anaemia. Proper health education to develop knowledge on anaemia and injurious effect of clinical outcomes, benefits of taking Vitamin B, iron, folate-rich food and avoiding unhealthy 12 food like junk/ fast food, will be helpful to them. It may be noted that the nutritional status of a nation has a complex chain with the dietary patterns as well as environment and ecology. This study principally demarcated the annual income of pond fish farmers as a vital predictor uniformly in a poor society. The Government of Bangladesh should take proper steps to determine the prevalence of anaemia among pond fish farmers. Therefore, community-based health and nutrition education, immediate nutritional intervention programs, poverty alleviation program and economic growth may improve the overall health, nutritional knowledge and status of pond fish farmers enabling them to make a wiser selection of nutritious foods

Knowledge Management: Journal