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Assessment of Toxic and Essential Metals in Fish Feed Ingredients Available in Different Areas of Bangladesh

Biraj Saha
Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Hazaribagh, Dhaka-1209, BANGLADESH

Md. Abdul Mottalib
Institute of Leather Engineering and Technology, University of Dhaka, Hazaribagh, Dhaka-1209, BANGLADESH

A. N. M. Al-Razee
Department of Analytical Chemistry & Environmental Science, Training Institute for Chemical Industries, Polash, Narsingdi-1611, BANGLADESH

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Contamination of heavy metals in fish feed ingredients is regarded as a major crisis globally especially in developing countries because it may be the source of toxicity in the food chain. Fish farming in Bangladesh is growing very rapidly and fish available in the markets are mostly coming from fish farms where fish farmers mostly use commercial fish feeds manufacturing with different ingredients. In this study, several types of ingredients based on different origins were collected from several areas and after measuring dry weight these were digested by a mixture of acids. This study is concerned to access the toxic and essential metals in different fish feed ingredients which are frequently used to produce commercial fish feed in Bangladesh. The concentration (mg kg-1dry weight) range of toxic metals such as; Pb (0.56-1.73), Cd (0.12-0.97), Cr (0.15-0.88), As (BDL), Hg (BDL), Ni (1.10-2.50) and essential metals such as; Fe (13.57-48.96), Cu (10.11-28.09), Zn (10.60-26.25), Na (12.07-35.00), K (13.06-28.97), Ca (10.00-47.96) in selected fish feed ingredients were recorded by Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Optima 7000DV) with significant variation (P<0.05). The analyzed toxic and essential metal concentrations in most of the ingredients were within the safe limit proposed by World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and European Union indicating no health risk.

Keywords: Essential metal, Fish feed ingredients, Health risk, Toxic metal

Location: Different areas of Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Health hazard

Objectives:

This study was designed to find the concentration of toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Ni) and essential metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca) in selected fish feed ingredients available in the local market of Bangladesh.

Methodology:

2.1. Sample collection samples of feed ingredients were collected from different renowned fish feed manufacturing companies located in Bangladesh. Ten major feed ingredients including carbohydrate (Wheat, maize, rice), animal origin (Chicken Bone, Fat) and plant origin (Mustard oil cake, Linseed, Duck Weed, Water hyacinth) were collected for their assessment of heavy metal contents. All homogeneous samples were collected in an insulated small container that was dry and clean without any leakages. Each sample was labeled with proper name, weight, physical type (animal or vegetable origin), and collection date by using a waterproof marking pen on a strip of masking tape (WHO, 2002). 2.2. Digestion and analysis collected fish feed ingredient samples were cut into small species and dried in a micro-oven at 105oC until a constant weight was achieved and finally powdered. Samples also were dried in a similar way 1 g of the homogenate of each sample (dry weight) was taken into a quick fit round bottom flask and a 15 mL mixture of concentrated HNO3, H2SO4 and HClO4 in (4:1:1; v/v) was added into the flask. A condenser was set up with the flask and the mixture was stirred at 85°C for 3 hours until the proper digestion was completed and the solution became clear. Then the digested samples stayed cool for 30 minutes. Filtration of all digested samples was done with Whitman no. 42 filter paper and the filtration was transferred into the volumetric flask, then 20 mL deionized water was added and rinsed well and finally diluted to 50 mL with deionized water. Samples were stored at ambient temperature until metal analysis. All chemicals used were Merck, Germany analytical grade, including standard stock solutions of known concentrations of different metals. The entire samples were analyzed by Inductive Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) with the following detection limit. 2.3. Statistical analysis: All statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel (version 2016). The Pearson Correlation Coefficient in the present study is also done to calculate the interrelationships among the analyzed elements at a level of > 0.5 or < -0.5. A positive value indicates, one metal increase in value, other value also rises. Besides, negative value implies the opposite relationship. If the value is greater than 0.8, there is a strong relationship between the two variables whereas if the value is lesser than 0.5 means a weak relationship. Analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA) and correlation matrix was employed to examine the statistical significance of differences in the mean concentration of metals in the collected fish feed ingredients. A probability level of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Source of Information: Environmental Research & Technology, Vol. 3(4), pp. 217-224, 2020

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Overall, the total mean toxic and essential metal concentration of all fish feed ingredients in this study revealed an order of Ni>Pb>Cr>Cd>As Hg and Na>Fe>K>Zn>Ca>Cu. A significant amount of all selected metals was assessed in different fish feed ingredients in this study. However, the recorded result revealed that the concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Ni, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, K, Ca in the selected fish feed ingredients was within the permissible limit of WHO/FAO and EU and indicating no risk for fish cultivation as well as for human health in future. This study recorded that there was significant variation (P<0.05) in metal concentration in each fish feed ingredient. Since it is impossible to completely eliminate the presence of undesirable contaminant due to the environment so, regular training and enlightenment programs should be given to farmers, feed producers on the need for proper storage and handling of fish feed ingredients as these will reduce or preventing where possible the level of toxic metals in feed ingredients, fish and human the ultimate consumer. Policymakers, food regulator authority, farm owners can take initiative to check the quality and origin of ingredients that will use to manufacture the commercial feeds for fish cultivation in Bangladesh.

Knowledge Management: Journal