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Investigation of Eimeria Oocyst Concentrations and Species Composition in Litter from Commercial Broiler Farms

Mohammad Zahangir Alam
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Shirin Akter
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Md. Tohidul Islam
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Fahima Khatun
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Shanaz Parvin
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Anita Rani Dey
Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Coccidiosis is one of the major economically important diseases of poultry worldwide. In Bangladesh, coccidiosis is one of the major threats for commercial poultry industry as well. Successful control of chicken coccidiosis in Bangladesh mainly depends on the application of anticoccidial drugs (ACD) in ration of chickens during grow-out. There are some reports on the occurrence of coccidiosis in broiler chickens in Bangladesh, but information on track changes in Eimeria oocysts levels and species composition in commercial broiler farms over time during ACD program is very scarce. The purpose of this study was to investigate the oocyst concentrations and species composition of Eimeria in litter from commercial broiler houses during ACD control programs. Litter samples were collected from a total of 22 different broiler farms during at least one complete grow-out cycle. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 week (wk) of grow-out of the ACD cycle. We succeeded in isolating of Eimeria oocysts from the litter samples of 14 broiler farms, and coccidian species were identified by previously described morphological characteristics using the standard shape index method under microscopy. Eimeria oocyst concentration in litter was found to be reached in peak levels at 3–4 wk of grow-out cycle. However, sudden peak level of oocysts of Eimeria spp in 8 farms indicated to develop some drug resistance. E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. acervulina were generally found to be present in most of the samples. Findings of this study will be helpful to develop an appropriate control strategy against chicken coccidiosis in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Eimeria spp., Oocyst concentration, Commercial broiler farms

Location: Mymensingh sadar and Muktagacha upazila of Mymensingh distrcit and Ghatail upazila of Tangail district, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Broiler

Objectives:

To determine if switching between different anticoccidial compounds or to vaccination is warranted.

Methodology:

Selection of broiler farms: A total of 22 broiler farms were selected randomly from Mymensingh sadar and Muktagacha upazila of Mymensingh distrcit and Ghatail upazila of Tangail district for the collection of litter samples. Collection of litter samples from the broiler farms: Litter samples were collected during at least one complete grow-out cycle. Samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 wks of a broiler batch. 15-20 litter samples were randomly taken from the feeder and water line areas of each broiler farm. Processing of samples: Collected litter samples were processed according to the method described by Jenkins et al. (2017). The litter sample slurries were transferred to a Waring blender. The sampling bottle was rinsed with another 250 ml tap water, which was then combined with the original sample, and the entire 500-ml slurry was mixed thoroughly in a Waring blender for 30 sec. A 25-ml aliquot of the slurry was transferred to a 50-ml polypropylene test tube containing 25 ml sucrose solution followed by vigorous mixing for 15 sec. Determination of concentration of Eimeria spp. : Oocyst concentration (OPG-oocysts per gram of litter) was determined using a standard McMaster technique (Haug et al., 2008). In this technique, a special type of slide (McMaster slide) and as flotation fluid, saturated salt solution (sp.gr, 1.120) were used to separate the oocysts from the fecal material in a counting chamber of McMaster slide. Ioslation and sporulation of oocysts: For isolation of oocysts, a 25-ml aliquot of the slurry was transferred to a 50-ml polypropylene test tube containing 25 ml sucrose solution followed by centrifugation at 2,500 X g for 5 min at 4⁰C. Eimeria oocysts floating at the sucrose-water interface were removed using a 1-ml pipettor and transferred to a clean, 15-ml polypropylene test tube, mixed with water, and centrifuged at 2,500 X g for 10 min at 4⁰C. Concentrated oocysts were preserved in 2% potassium dichromate at 28 ^oC for sporulation. After sporulation, potassium dichromate was removed by repeated centrifugation and resuspension in water. Microscopic identification of Eimeria spp. : For identification of Eimeria spp., litter samples from 14 farms were processed for isolation of oocysts and morphological characteristics of the oocysts was identified using the ocular micrometer followed by calculation of dimensions (length and width) and shape index according to Urquhart et al., 1996 and Amer et al., 2010.

Source of Information: J Bangladesh Agril Univ 18(4): 1001–1006, 2020 ISSN 1810-3030 (Print) 2408-8684 (Online)

Article Link (Online Journal): https://doi.org/10.5455/JBAU.20468

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Coccidiosis is one of the most important disease threats for commercial broiler production in Bangladesh and its treatment and control measures should have prime importance on the basis of species variation depending on their predilection sites. Investigation of Eimeria oocyst concentration and species composition in litter under ACD programs is essential for strengthening particular control program against coccidiosis. Moreover, identification of different species of Eimeria is important for prevention, surveillance, and control of coccidiosis in broiler farms of Bangladesh.

Knowledge Management: Journal