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Effect of Crop Residue and Their Biochars on Maize Yield (2018–2019)

M.M. Masud
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

R. Sen
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

A. Barman
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

I. S. M. Farhad
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

R. Khatun
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

S. Akhter
Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

In this study, comparative investigations on the effects of crop straw and its derived biochars on maize yield were investigated. Crop straws (i.e. groundnut straw, chickpea straw, and mustard straw) and their derived biochars were used where cowdung used as a comparison. The changes in soil properties like pH, organic matter content and soil health effect on yield and yield components of maize. Results indicated biochar, especially those were high in pH, enhanced soil pH (>0.2 units, p^–1 to 4.79 t ha^–1where crop straw biochar increased 5.26 t ha^–1to 5.88 t ha^–1, where 4.53 t ha^-1 yield obtained from RDCF with cowdung 5 t ha^-1, that is 20% higher yield produced from RDCF treatment. Crop straw biochar enhanced the yield up to 55% from RDCF and 30% from crop straw.

Keywords: Maize, Yield, Mustard, Chickpea and Groundnut, Biochars

Location: Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2018

End Date: 00-00-2019

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Manures, Maize

Objectives:

To prepare biochar samples at <700°C, and the amelioration effects and carbon stock enrichment on acid soil and their feedstock where cowdung as a comparison.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted from November 2018 to March 2019 in Soil Science Division, BARI experimental field. The cowdung was collected from a village near the experimental field. The straws of mustard, chickpea and groundnut were collected from BARI experimental plot. These straws were air-dried at room temperature and pyrolysis in a conventional kiln at 500°C to 700°C for 1 h. It was then ground and passed through a 2 mm sieve. There were three replicates for each crop straw during the biochar-generating process. Mustard, chickpea and groundnut were chopped into 5-10 cm lengths before use. Mustard, chickpea and groundnut ware collected and air-dried at room temperature. Then they are chopped into small pieces. After that, they are placed into biochar making device (made in Soil Science Division, BARI) and pyrolyzed under oxygen-limited conditions. The pyrolysis temperature was raised to 700°C at a rate of approximately 20°C per minute and held constant for 2 h. Then the biochar was allowed to cool to room temperature and ground to pass a 0.25 mm sieve. After being thoroughly mixed with deionized water at a ratio of 1:20 and equilibrated for 1 h, the pH of the biochars was measured by Metler Toledo S220 with a combined electrode. The CEC of the soil samples was measured by the ammonium acetate compulsory displacement method. Exchangeable base cations were extracted with 1.0 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0). Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were measured with AAS, and K⁺ and Na⁺ with a flame photometer. The phosphorus was determined colorimetrically after digesting the biochars with sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Each plot size was 3m x 2 m with the adjacent plots sharing a soil boundary of 30 cm in width and 20 cm in height. Eight treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were: i) Chemical fertilizer (CF) alone (CF, no BC, no S); ii) Chemical fertilizer with cowdung (CD) 5 t ha^-1; iii) Chemical fertilizer with groundnut straw (GS) 10 t ha^-1, iv) Chemical fertilizer with chickpea straw (CS) 10 t ha^-1; v) Chemical fertilizer with mustard straw (MS) 10 t ha^-1; vi) Chemical fertilizer with groundnut straw biochar (GSB) 10 t ha^-1; vii) Chemical fertilizer with chickpea straw biochar (CSB) 10 t ha^-1; and viii) Chemical fertilizer with mustard straw biochar (MSB) 10 t ha^-1. All plots received RDCF (N₂₅₅ P₅₀ K₁₂₀S₄₀ Zn₅ B₂ kg ha^-1) as basal fertilizer. Before commencing the experimental setup, the cowdung, crop straw and biochar were incorporated into the soil corresponding to 15 days (d) before sowing. Topdressing of urea as mentioned above was done at 22 and 46 d after sowing (DAS), including in the control. Yield and yield contributing character samples were collected inside a quadrant area of 1.0 m² per plot. Straws and their derivate biochar were each thoroughly mixed and allowed to equilibrate for 1 h. The pH was then measured using a pH meter with a combined electrode. The pH of the straws and biochar were measured in demonized water at 1:5 (w/w) to water. Total N was determined by the modified Kjeldahl method. All cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) were extracted with 1.0 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) and readings were taken by AAS. They were sum up together to get the whole cation level. K, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn were determined by NaHCO₃extraction method followed by AAS reading. Boron was determined by the CaCl₂ extraction method. Phosphorus was determined by Bray and Kurtz method while S by a turbidimetric method with BaCl₂. Soil exchangeable H⁺ and Al³⁺ were extracted with 1.0 M KCl and then titrated by 0.25 M NaOH to pH 7.0. The CEC of the soil samples was measured by the ammonium acetate compulsory displacement method, exchangeable base cations were extracted with 1.0 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0). Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ were measured with AAS, and K⁺ and Na⁺ with a flame photometer. The soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N were extracted by 2.0 M KCl using 1:5 soil to the solution and then were determined by the continuous flow analytical system (Skalar San⁺⁺, The Netherlands). SPSS 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis of data. A one-way analysis of variance was undertaken for each time interval of the incubations to determine significant differences between treatments. The significant effects for various treatments were detected using a t-test.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report 2018–2019, Soil Science Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The incorporation of crop residue and their biochars showed a significant effect on the yield and yield components of maize. The biomass yields in all the treatments are more or less near about, but these are significantly different from each other treatments. Biochar, especially those that were high in pH, enhanced soil pH, whereas reduction and or unaffected of soil pH was observed among treatments with crop straws. The organic matter content increased with the application of cowdung, crop straws and biochars into the field. This result suggests that part of the main mechanisms behind the reported positive effects of chickpea straw biochar (CSB) application to soils on plant productivity may be a combined effect of soil nutrient release following biochar application and liming property of biochar. The technology of using biochar as a soil conditioner and fertilizer in the soil is, therefore, a promising future alternative to the production of crops such as maize.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings