M N. Uddin
Sustainable Energy Management, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
J. Taweekun
Sustainable Energy Management, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
K. Techato
Municipal Solid Waste & Hazardous Waste Management Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
M A. Rahman
Sustainable Energy Management, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
M. Mofijur
School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Queensland 4701, Australia
M G. Rasul
School of Engineering & Technology, Central Queensland University, Queensland 4701, Australia
Energy; Biomass; Electricity; Bangladesh; Fossil fuel; Power; Policy
Resource Development and Management
2. Sources of Biomass in Bangladesh Biomass energy is currently recognized as the third-largest global energy source. In Bangladesh, it has potential as a sustainable energy source. The resources of biomass include various natural and derived materials as agricultural crops and residues, forest wood and leave residues, municipal solid wastes (MSW), forest and mill residues, animal residues and sewage. The following section describes the available biomass sources in Bangladesh. 2.1 Agricultural Residues Power generation from agricultural waste has become a global renewable energy concern and environmental factor for meeting up the global energy sector demand. Bangladesh agricultural waste especially used for cooking purposes which is 92% and about 60% of overall primary energy consumption in Bangladesh [12]. Developed nations near about 2600 million people generally adhere to biomass energy and approximately 2700 million by 2030 [50]. Nevertheless, 70% of the total energy ingesting from biomass energy by reason of 65% people live in countryside areas in Bangladesh. As indicated in Table 3, about1, 470,300 million tons of wheat straw, 17,760 million tons of saw-dust, 2,607,000 million tons of bagasse, 3,538,400 million tons of rice husk and 22,900 million tons of rice straw can carry on more than 18,000 briquette machines, while at present only around 1,000 machines are functioning [13]. 2.2 Forest Residues The role of forests on the living condition of naturalism is glorious and deforestation of forest land is considered as the destruction of Animalia in the planet. The UN Food and Agronomy Organization reports that Bangladesh partakes 11.1% of forest land (1,442,000 hectares) and 30.2% or 436,000 hectares are primary reserve forests with 237,000 hectares of artificial man-made forest [15]. Bangladesh produces wood fuel 27662000 m3 and consumed per capita 0.18 (m3 /year) while Papua New Guinea consumption per capita 0.47 (m3 /year) is the highest. Wood fuel plays a vital role in cooking both rural and urban areas in Bangladesh and forest-derived biomass is the source of fuel in the country. Whereas wood fuel and timber wood consumption rate 0.0654 m3 and 0.01076 m3 per head in Bangladesh which is inconsequential than other developing countries. 2.3 Municipal and Industrial Solid Wastes Waste management is becoming a great challenge for developing countries such as Asia and Africa, as well as Bangladesh due to higher population growth, leads to the complex creation of waste. Solid waste management, particularly in Bangladesh, is hastily upward day by day and six mega towns of Bangladesh are in provocation for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. While MSW is a vital energy resource to produce renewable energy in which MSW has an inferior calorific value of 3000 kJ/kg and sophisticated water gratified (60%). Bangladesh outgrowth plastic (3.6%), paper (9.2%) and organic matter (74.7%). Waste generation of Bangladesh is beyond 22.4 million tons per year including Dhaka city produces almost 37% or 47 % (1772075 tons/year)or Dhaka South City Corporation (DSCC) produces 3,300 tons/day and Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC) produces about 2,700- 2,800 tons/day) in 2015 while 400 tons are dumped on the roadside. Moreover, 20% of the biomedical waste is generated in Bangladesh. In contrast, e-waste management in Bangladesh is quite familiar and Bangladesh's small industries corporation quotes that, through solid e-waste management Bangladesh will earn 268240469 takas per year [16]. Figure 2 denotes the categorized community solid waste and generation in different metropolises. 3. Biomass Energy Policy in Bangladesh The strategy and procedure of renewable energy in Bangladesh is not quite long and the first renewable energy suggested since 2002 to fulfill the energy gap of Bangladesh [24]. The renewable energy policy considers the energy gap of Bangladesh by using an enormous amount of resource and Bangladesh five-year national power system plan suggests that industrial renewable energy 2010 and national building code renewable energy policy are the main factor to meet up the energy demand. However renewable energy policy 2015 had the following objectives. • Realization of the “500 MW Solar Power Mission” by 2015. • The renewable energy policy envisions that 5% (800 MW) of total energy production will have to be achieved by 2015 and 10% (2000 MW) by 2020. • Wind generation in coastal areas. • The waste and surplus usage to electricity generation in Dhaka (10 MW, 10X5 MW, 1 MW). • Take appropriate measures for energy saving. • Exploit the possibility of any other form of new sustainable energy solutions. • Explore feasible financing for RE and EE projects and Build Capacity. The demands of renewable energy policy are 800 MW power as of renewable by 2015. Solar -500 MW have already been originated. Hydro -250 MW, Wind-015 MW, Biomass/gas-010 MW, Others-025 MW, 2000 MW power from renewable by 2020 and expectantly 4000 MW power from renewable by 2030. Table 5 shows the renewable energy target from 2015 to 2021.
Energy Procedia 160 (2019) 648–654
Journal