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Quality Evaluation and Determination of Heavy Metal Contents in Palm Oil

MSH Khan
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

KMYK Sikdar
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

N Saqueeb
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

MH Hossain
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

F Ahmed
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

ABM Faroque
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

MR Sarkar
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Palm oil is edible vegetable oil, extracted from the fruit of the Elaeis guineensis which is used for frying foods in most restaurants and confectioneries as well as for cosmetic preparations in industries. As the quality of palm oil in Bangladesh is deteriorating day by day, ten brands (S-1 to S-10) of commercially available palm oils were collected from different local markets, their physicochemical properties were tested and compared with the standard parameters stated by Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI). Results revealed that the acid value, free fatty acid value and relative density of all the palm oils (S-1 to S-10) were within the range of BSTI standard. However, the saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, insoluble impurities and moisture content were much higher than the ranges of BSTI standard in all the samples. Moreover, lead content was higher than the standard value (>0.1 ppm) in brands S-1, S-4 and S-10. In addition, Copper and Iron contents were higher than the BSTI standards (0.1 and 1.5 ppm) in all the tested samples, whereas Cadmium content was below the standard level (1.0 ppm).

Keywords: Palm oil; Quality evaluation; BSTI standard; Heavy metal content

Location: Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, University of Dhaka.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Postharvest and Agro-processing

Commodity: Palm Oil

Objectives:

To assess the quality of palm oils and identify the presence of adulterants as well as the determination of the amount of heavy metals in locally marketed palm oils in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was purchased from Merck Specialities (Pvt) Ltd, Mumbai. Hydrochloric acid (HCl), glacial acetic acid, potassium iodide (KI), sodium thiosulfate, phenolphthalein, starch, petroleum ether, diethyl ether were bought from Merck KGaA, Germany. Ethanol and chloroform were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Co., Germany. Hanus solution was prepared in the laboratory using iodine. Moisture analyzer was purchased from Mettler Toledo, USA. Instruments like reserved condenser and dryer were taken from Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory, University of Dhaka. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was performed in Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka. Ten (10) different commercially available palm oil were collected from different local markets of Bangladesh. Collected products/samples were labeled as S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4, S-5, S-6, S-7, S-8, S-9 and S-10. All collected products were preserved in a dark and dried place at room temperature. The acid values of the samples were determined by using titrimetric method of AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). For the determination of acid value, 10±0.5 gm of oil was taken in a 250 ml conical flask and 50 ml of titration solvent (prepared by mixing diethyl ether and ethanol in a ratio of 1:1) was added to it. The solution was titrated with 0.1 N alcoholic KOH solutions until a pink color was obtained which persisted for 15 seconds. The number of ml of KOH added was recorded. The acid value was calculated as mg of KOH per gm of oil. Acid value = 5.611 × V × f/ w; where, V= volume of 0.1N KOH solution in ethanol (ml), f= Factor of 0.1N KOH solution, w= weight of oil sample in g, Content of potassium iodide in 1ml of 0.1N KOH solution= 5.611.0.3 ml of sample was weighed and placed in a TFM vessel. The TFM vessel was introduced inside a fume hood. Then 7 ml of 65% HNO₃ and 1 ml of 20% H₂O₂ were taken with the sample. If the sample stays on the wall of the vessel, acid should be added drop by drop to wet it. Then the vessel was swirled gently to homogenize the sample with the acid. Then the vessel was closed tightly and inserted into the microwave cavity and was adjusted with the temperature sensor. Then the microwave program was started. The vessel was cooled to room temperature. Then the sample was transferred to a marked flask. Then the sample was diluted with deionized water to 50 ml (Fernández-Martínez et al. 2015). The contents of Pb, Cd, Cu and Fe were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) model AA-7000. The detection level of this instrument is 0.1 ppm. The samples were aspirated through the nebulizer and the reading was taken. For each case, the reading for blank was taken.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(4), 301-310, 2020

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v55i4.50963

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of palm oils in the Bangladeshi markets. In this study, different brands were collected from different shops of different markets located in various areas. BSTI (Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution) is the government authority to evaluate the quality of all types of foods and food products. It has set the quality parameters and their acceptable values for goods. Therefore, the marketed brands should need to fulfill the BSTI requirements. From the study, it was noticed that almost all the samples tested in the current project deviated from BSTI standard requirements. Besides, the amounts of Pb, Cu and Fe were present in all the samples above the standard limits of BSTI. So, the study showed that the quality of palm oil is not up to the marks. Therefore, more concern and vigilance are needed by the authority to ensure the proper quality of marketed palm oil in Bangladesh.

Knowledge Management: Journal