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Improving Surface Drainage Cum Furrow Irrigation Technique for Sunflower and Maize Cultivation in Coastal Saline Soils (2019-2020)

M. A. Hossain
CSO and Head
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

K .K. Sarker
SSO
HRC, BARI, Gazipur

S. S. A. Kamar
SO
IWM Division, BARI, Gazipur

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Waterlogging and poor surface drainage are becoming a major constraint to the production of rabi crops in southern coastal saline soils of Bangladesh. Surface drainage is essential for establishment of rabi crops after the harvest of transplanted Aman rice. Hence, two field experiments were investigated to evaluate the rabi crops of sunflower and maize performances at two locations of Dacope and Amtali during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The specific objectives of this study were (i) to find out the effect of surface drainage cum furrow irrigation technique on crop growth and yield, (ii) to find out the effect of the surface drainage technique on salinity, osmotic potential and moisture contents of soils during crop growth periods. Four drainage treatments were imposed at all sites with three replications. The 4 treatments consisted of (i) single row raised bed with 30 cm drain, (ii) double row raised bed with 40 cm drain, (iii) triple row raised bed with 40 cm drain, and (iv) random field ditches (scattered)–Pothole in 2018-2019 and one more treatment like four row raised bed with 40 cm drain was ta was included in 2019-2020. Sunflower seed and maize grain yield were ranged from 1.53 t/ha to 2.34 t/ha and 7.16 t/ha to 8.04 t/ha, respectively. The technique of single row raised bed with 30 cm drain greater yield for maize yield than other drainage treatments in both years at Amtali but single row raised bed with 30 cm drain was not greater for sunflower at Tildanga in 2019-2020. The treatment T1 (single row raised bed with 30 cm drain obtained (8.04 t/ha) significantly greater yield than other drainage treatments. On average, the changes exact salinity (ECe) of field soil water varied from around 2 to 12 dS/m at Tildanga and 2 to 9 dS/m at Amtali during the crop growing season. The salinity results indicated the salt accumulation was slightly lower in the treatment of single row raised bed planting and drainage technique than the other drainage techniques. The osmotic potential was found around -200 to -1100 kPa at Tildanga and -200 to -800 kPa at Amtali. Soil water contents substantially decreased in upper soil layers (0-15 cm) at later growth stages which affected the crop growth. However, the drainage technique would be optioned for sunflower and maize cultivation in the coastal areas of Bangladesh where salinity and waterlogging problems prevail.

Keywords: Surface drainage, Furrow irrigation, Crop growth, Crop yield, Salinity, Osmotic potential, Moisture of soils

Location: The farmers’ fields at Sikandorkhali village, Amtali upazila in Barguna and Tildanga village, Dacope upazila in Khulna districts, Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-2018

End Date: 00-00-2020

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Drainage, Water salinity, Maize, Sunflower

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were

(i) to find out the effect of the type of surface drainage cum furrow irrigation technique on crop growth and yield,

(ii) to find out the effect of the surface drainage technique on salinity, osmotic potential and moisture of soils during crop growth periods.

Methodology:

Two field experiments were conducted in farmers’ fields at Sikandorkhali village, Amtali upazila in Barguna and Tildanga village, Dacope upazila in Khulna districts during rabi season of 2018- 2019 and 2019-2020. The land situation is medium low land and the soil texture is silty clay loam at Dacope and clay loam at Amtali. Field experiments on sunflower at Tildanga and maize at Amtali were carried out in two locations. The soils were clay loam at Amtali with an average field capacity of 31.8% (gravimetric water content) and silty-clay loam at Tildanga with an average field capacity of 37.2% (gravimetric water content) and mean bulk density of 1.40 g/cc over the 60 cm soil profile with 15 cm increment of soil layers. The rainfall at each location was recorded from the weather stations of Khulna and Amtali, Barguna. The monthly data of the rainfall for the study period are presented. During the crop growing season 2018-2019, the total rainfalls were 169 mm at Amtali and 343 mm in Khulna than the long-term average, occurred mainly during the crop growing season. Two field experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four types of drainage treatments for sunflower and maize, and replicated thrice. The four treatments were (i) single row raised bed with 30 cm drain, (ii) double row raised bed with 40 cm drain, (iii) triple row raised bed with 40 cm drain, and (iv) random field ditches (scattered)–Pothole (3 Pothole/plot) in 2018-19 and one more treatment like four row raised bed with 40 cm drain was taken in 2019- 2020. Each experiment was conducted in a farmers’ field. The unit plot size was 42 square meter which depended on existing farmers’ block. Standard crop management practices and irrigation scheduling of different crops were followed over two locations. Maize (BARI Hybrid Bhutta-9), a medium salt tolerant variety was sown at 20 kg seed/ha on 8 December 2018 with a row spacing of 60 cm (row to row) and 25 cm (plant to plant) at Amtali and sunflower (local hybrid: Hisun-33) seed sowing 12 kg/ha with a row to row and plant to plant spacing was considered as 60 and 30 cm, respectively on 16 December 2018 at Tildanga, Dacope in dibbling technique under no-tilled system at Tildanga and conventional tillage with bed planting system at Amtali. Fertilizer was applied in the forms of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, borax, and zinc sulphate, respectively. Fertilizers were applied for maize @ N₂₅₅ P₇₅ K₁₂₀ S₅₂ Mg₁₅ Zn₄, B_1.4 kg/ha. One-third of N and K and all of P, K, S, Mg, Zn, Band organic manure (If used) was applied as basal doses below the soil surface as horizontal and vertical separation of seed during planting. Remaining two-third of N and K were applied in two equal splits as top dressing in maize at 30-35 DAS and 50-60 DAS (tasseling stage). For sunflower, fertilizers were applied @ N₁₂₉ P₃₂ K₆₀ S₂₁ Mg₆ Zn₂B_1.6 kg/ha as basal doses below the soil surface as horizontal and vertical separation of [149] seed during planting and remaining N and K was applied as top dress in two equal splits at 20-25 DAS and 40-45 DAS (before flower initiation stage).All the treatment mean values were compared following randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil sampling was collected from each treatment to monitor soil moisture and soil salinity, osmotic potential and pH dynamics at different growth stages and soil profiles. Soils were sampled from 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil depths at the time of sowing to harvest. The Electrical conductivity of EC_1:5 was determined and converted to salinity ECw of field soil water (dS/m) while using the formula derived from Richards (1954) and Rengasamy (2010). Field soil gravimetric moisture content was determined. The soil samples were taken from each plot in 15 cm increments, well-mixed together, subsampled, weighed, dried at 105^oC, and reweighed to determine gravimetric moisture content. EC_1:5determined using portable instrument. Irrigation water was applied based on the pan evaporation method at different crop growth stages. The irrigation scheduling was at early vegetative (30-35 DAE), tasseling/silking (65-70 DAE) and grain development (100-110 DAE) stages for maize and three irrigations at early vegetative, flowering and grain filling stage for sunflower were followed. Data on yield attributes, crop yield and water productivity were statistically analyzed to test the effects of irrigation using R software version 3.5.0. All the treatment means were analyzed and compared for any significant differences using R-statistical models at 5% (P≤0.05) probability level of significant. The number of irrigation event, amount of applied irrigation water, total water use (TWU) and water productivity (WP) under different irrigation treatments during 2018-2019 were done but the analysis of water related data were not included in this report.

Source of Information: Annual Research Report 2019-2020, Irrigation and Water Management Division, BARI, Gazipur

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In coastal heavy soils, the results indicate that the surface drainage system of single row raised bed with 30 cm drain resulted in higher maize yields and three row raised bed with 40 cm drain resulted in better sunflower yields as well as improving soil environment.

Knowledge Management: Report/Proceedings