Dr. Md. Mainuddin
Principal Research Scientist
CSIRO, Australia, Irrigation and Water Management Division, BARI, Gazipur
Dr. M. A. Hossain
PSO (C.C.) and Head
IWM Division, IWM Division, Agronomy Division and On-Farm Research Division, BARI, Gazipur
Dr. Khokan Kumer Sarker,
Scientific Officer
Irrigation and Water Management Division (A.C.), BARI, Gazipur
Sk. Shamsul Alam Kamar
Scientific Officer
Irrigation and Water Management Division, BARI, Gazipur
Straw and irrigation frequency, Crop growth, Yield, Maize and Sunflower, salinity, Osmotic potential, moisture of soils.
Amtali upazila in Barguna and Tildanga village, Dacope upazila in Khulna districts
Crop-Soil-Water Management
Water management
Two field experiments were conducted in farmers’ fields at Sikandorkhali village, Amtali upazila in Barguna and Tildanga village, Dacope upazila in Khulna districts during the rabi season of 2018-2019. The land situation is medium low land and the soil texture is silty clay loam. Field experiments on a sunflower at Amtali and maize at Tildanga were carried out in two locations. The soils were clay loam at Amtali with an average field capacity of 33% (gravimetric water content) and silty-clay loam at Tildanga with an average field capacity of 37.2% (gravimetric water content) and mean bulk density of 1.40 g/cc over the 60 cm soil profile with 15 cm increment of soil layers. Experimental design and treatments- Two field experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with eight irrigation treatments for sunflower and maize and replicated thrice. Each experiment was conducted in a farmers’ field. The unit plot size was 25 square meters which depended on the existing farmers’ block. There were two straw treatments (with or without straw), and 4 irrigation frequencies (at intervals of 5-7, 10-12, 15-17 or 20-25 days). Crop management- Standard crop management practices and irrigation scheduling of different crops were followed over two locations. Maize (BARI Hybrid Bhutta-13), a medium salt-tolerant variety was sown at 20 kg seed/ha on 16 December 2018 with a row spacing of 60 cm (row top row) and 25 cm (plant to plant at Tildanga, Dacope and Sunflower (local hybrid: Hisun-33) seed sowing 12 kg/ha with a row to row and plant to plant spacing was considered as 60 and 30 cm, respectively on 9 December 2018 at Amtali, Barguna in dibbling technique under a no-tilled system in both locations. Fertilizer was applied in the forms of urea, triple super phosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, borax, and zinc sulphate, respectively. Fertilizers were applied for maize @ N255 P75 K120 S52 Mg15 Zn4, B1.4 kg/ha. One-third of N and K and all of P, K, S, Mg, Zn, Band organic manure (If used) was applied as basal doses below the soil surface as horizontal and vertical separation of seed during planting. The remaining two-thirds of N and K were applied in two equal splits as a top dressing in maize at 30-35 DAS and 50-60 DAS (tasseling stage). For sunflower, fertilizers were applied @ N129 P32 K60 S21 Mg6 Zn2B1.6 kg/ha as basal doses below the soil surface as horizontal and vertical separation of seed during planting and remaining N and K was applied as top-dressing in two equal splits at 20-25 DAS and 40-45 DAS (before flower initiation stage). In this study, the no-tilled system was considered as one of the many types of CT for row crops. Sub-surface placement of band fertilizer was placed. Mixed fertilizers were placed into the sub-soil uniformly and soil packed to minimize fertilizers tie-up manually. Adequate plant protection measures were undertaken at vegetative stages. There was no significant pest or disease infestation in the experimental plots. The crops were sprayed with Rovral-50wp at 0.2% at 30 DAS for prevention against diseases. Maize and sunflower were harvested on 6 April 2019 at Tildanga and 14 April 2019 at Amtali respectively.
Monitoring
Crops yield
Crop yields were determined at harvest. The mean yields of each crop were taken from each plot within one square meter. Plants were harvested manually at the ground level from the corner avoiding the border effect. After manual threshing, the cleaned dried filled grain yields were recorded at desired moisture (12%) content. The yield contributing characters and seed yield of sunflower were recorded from the plants during the experimental period. Five plants were randomly chosen to measure the seed yield components from each treatment. Economical seed yield (t/ha) was measured from the plants harvested from the selected two rows of each plot. Seed yield was manually harvested. The yield contributing characters and seed yield of maize were recorded from the plants during the experimental period. Five plants were randomly chosen to measure the seed yield components from each treatment. Economical grain yield (t/ha) was measured from the plants harvested from the selected two rows of each plot. Maize grain yield was manually harvested. All the treatment mean values were compared following a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil sampling for soil water content, salinity and osmotic potential- Soil was collected from each treatment to monitor soil moisture and soil salinity, osmotic potential and pH dynamics at different growth stages and soil profiles. Soils were sampled from 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil depths at the time of sowing to harvest. The Electrical conductivity of EC1:5 was determined and converted to salinity ECw of field soil water (dS/m) while using the formula derived from Richards, 1954 and Rengasamy, 2010). Field soil gravimetric moisture content was determined. The soil samples were taken from each plot in 15 cm increments, well-mixed together, subsampled, weighed, dried at 105oC, and reweighed to determine gravimetric moisture content. EC1:5 was also converted to osmotic potential (kPa) of the field soil solution. The soil pH was also monitored. EC1:5 and pH were determined using the portable instrument of water and soil conductivity meter with sensor probes (model: TRI-METER, pH/EC & TEMP-983) that can be inserted directly into the soil solution. Application of irrigation water- Irrigation water was applied based on the pan evaporation method at different crop growth stages. The calculated amount of irrigation water was supplied to the experimental plots using a polyethylene hose pipe. Each experiment plot was separated by a distance of 1.5 m to prevent the lateral movement of water from one to another. Effective rainfall was considered by using the USDA Soil Conservation Method (Smith, 1992). Statistical analysis- Data on yield attributes, crop yield and water productivity were statistically analyzed to test the effects of irrigation using R software version 3.5.0. All the treatment means were analyzed and compared for any significant differences using R-statistical models at 5% (P≤0.05) probability level of significance.
Annual Research Report 2018–2019, IWM Division, BARI, Joydebpur, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Report/Proceedings