Mst. Jesmin Akhter
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Fahima Binthe Aziz
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Md. Mahmudul Hasan
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Rakibul Islam
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Mst. Misrat Masuma Parvez
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Sumon Sarkar
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
Mirza Mienur Meher
Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
Papaya, Toltrazuril, Hematological parameter, Protozoal load, Sonali chickens, Eimeria spp
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh
Pest Management
Ethical approval This research was according to the ethics and guidelines, including animal care followed by the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh. The approval number is HSTU/VAS/PPH1068, Date: 07-01-2019 (Resolution No: 08). Study site and duration This trial was carried out from 3rd January to 2nd February 2019 at the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, HSTU, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh, and the laboratory of the Department of Pathology and Parasitology of this university where protozoal egg count was carried out. Experimental design In this research, the experimental design was entirely randomized. All the empirical birds (n = 80) were equally and randomly allocated into the four groups, namely T1 , T2 , T3 , and T4 , with 20 chickens each. Although the group T1 was non-infected and considered Eimeria negative control, the other treatment groups were challenged by the sporulated oocysts inoculating 1 ml suspension containing (3,200 oocysts per ml) [18] of mixed Eimeria spp. directly in the pharynx. Besides this, group T3 was treated with papaya leaves suspension, and group T4 was treated with the anti-coccidial drug, while group T2 remained infected as Eimeria positive control. All the experimental chickens under each group were reared for 35 days in separate experimental sheds under strict biosecurity measures without any vaccination during the research period. Experimental birds and management For this study, 80 commercial, 7-day-old Sonali chickens were sourced from a local farm in Bahadur Bazar, Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. After purchase, the birds were transferred to an experimental shed, which was previously well designed and having 16 h of continuous light facilities, both natural and artificial, in an open-sided house system. Additionally, glucose and vitamin C were supplied with drinking water for the first 3 days to overcome the transportation stress and acclimatize to their new environment before the experiment’s commencement. The experimental birds were fed with coccidiostat-free Sonali Mash commercial feeds, collected from Griholokkhi Poultry Feed, Kalitola, Dinajpur, and feed ingredients are described by Roy et al. [21]. In the entire experimental period, all the birds of each group were maintained with ad libitum of mash feed and safe drinking water in similar care and management practices. Besides this, adequate hygiene and sanitation were appropriately maintained. Collection and isolation of protozoal oocysts The oocysts of mixed Eimeria spp. were isolated from few coccidiosis suspected birds collected from a different Dinajpur district regions to source protozoal oocysts. Two different types of qualitative tests examined feces and intestinal contents with lesions, namely direct smear and flotation techniques using sodium chloride solution were applied to identify the morphological features of eggs, cyst, and oocysts. After that, a shallow Petri dish containing 2.5% potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) solution was used to transfuse the identified Eimeria spp. oocysts and then incubated for sporulation, according to Conway and McKenzie. After collecting the sporulated oocysts, the oocysts were preserved in 2.5% K2Cr2O7 and stored at 4°C to prevent harmful bacteria growth. The sporulated oocysts were then allowed to count by using the McMaster chamber according to the method described by Holdsworth et al. [24] which determined the mixed Eimeria spp. oocysts load (OL) in per gm of feces. Papaya leaves’ extract and anti-coccidiosis drug The fresh young green papaya (Carica papaya) leaves were picked and washed with running fresh water. Then, they were soaked with cotton and kept in a well-ventilated room for air drying. The air-dried leaves were chopped into small pieces and mashed by a pestle and mortar. Finally, the leaves’ extracts were obtained by squeezing and pressing mashed leaves. Then, 0.5% of suspension was produced by dissolving the ground papaya leaves in distilled water. On the other hand, the commercially available anti-coccidiosis drug named Coxitril®-Vet liquid (Toltrazuril INN 2.5%), a product Square Pharmaceuticals Ltd. Bangladesh, was considered as the source of Toltrazuril. The drug was preserved in a dry place at room temperature and administered at a dose rate of 1 ml per liter of drinking water for 2 consecutive days. Hematological study The samples (blood) were collected aseptically from each chicken wing vein of all groups on days 1, 15, and 30 of post-treatment. Approximately 2 ml of blood samples were collected in heparinized vials containing anticoagulant ethylenediaminetetraacetate for hematological analysis. The hematological study was carried out on the indices such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin estimation (Hb), and total leukocyte count (TLC). All the hematological parameters were observed as per methods described by Feldman et al. and Benjamin.
JOURNAL OF ADVANCED VETERINARY AND ANIMAL RESEARCH ISSN 2311-7710 (Electronic)
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