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Study of Microbiological Quality of Fresh Juices Vended in Dhaka City

Kayseri Afroz
Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh

Tahmina Shammi
Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh

Md. Shahidul Kabir*
Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Fresh juices sold by the street vendors are rich in nutritional value and considered as popular drink in Dhaka city. They can be easily contaminated by pathogenic bacteria from unhygienic environment of food preparation area and serves as a potential source of food borne outbreaks. Freshly produced juices of papaya (n = 2), wood apple (n = 2), wood apple and papaya juice (1), lemon (n = 2), and sugarcane (n = 3) were examined for the total bacterial load, coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. in this study. Total bacterial load in eight samples were within 0 to 107 cfu/ml, six samples exhibited the presence of staphylococci within the range of 0 to 105 cfu/ml. Total coliforms were detected in six samples which ranged from 104 to 105 cfu/ ml. Vibrio spp., Salmonella spp., and Shigella spp. were isolated by enrichment and selective plating method. Eight samples demonstrated the presence of Vibrio spp. and none of them were positive for Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were determined against eight isolates using Erythromycin (15µg), Amoxicillin (10 µg), Gentamicin (10 µg), Vancomycin (30 µg), Ciprofloxacin (5 µg), Rifampicin (5 µg), Azithromycin (15 µg), Neomycin (10 µg) and Cefexime (5 µg). Klebsiella sp. (n = 1), Vibrio sp. (n = 2), Enterobacter sp. (n = 1), and Proteus sp. (n = 1) showed multi drug resistance in this study. Contamination of street vended juices pose risks to consumers’ health and requires adequate attention of appropriate authority.

Keywords: Vended juice, Total viable count (TVBC), Coliform, Drug resistance

Location: Department of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Quality and Nutrition

Commodity: Juice

Objectives:

Considering the threats posed by the street vended juices, the present study was undertaken to property of isolated bacteria in freshly squeezed juices.

Methodology:

Ten fresh juice samples, papaya juice (n = 2), wood apple juice (n = 2), wood apple and papaya juice (n = 1), lemon juice (n = 2), sugarcane juice (n = 3), were collected from Baily road, Gluisthan, New market, Science Laboratory area between May 2018 and June 2018. After aseptic collection of samples, they were transferred immediately to the laboratory for microbial analysis following standard procedures of American Public Health Association. For microbiological analysis fresh juice samples were homogenized and serially diluted to 10-6 in normal saline10 . 0.1 ml of diluted juice samples were introduced and spread plated onto nutrient agar (NA) media for enumerating total viable bacteria (TVB) and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) for Total Fungal Count (TFC), respectively11 . For identification and enumeration of specific pathogenic bacteria 0.1ml of diluted fresh juice samples were added and spread onto MacConkey Agar (MA), Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and Cetrimide Agar (CA) media for selective isolation of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. SDA plates were incubated at 25°C for 48 to 72 hours. The other plates were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. Eschericha coli or Klebsiella spp. were identified by distinguishable pink colony on MacConkey agar followed by biochemical tests. Staphylococcus spp. were identified by characteristic yellow colony on MSA and Pseudomonas spp. by their greenish colony on CA. All media were procured from Himedia limited until mentioned otherwise. For detection of Salmonella spp. 0.1 ml homogenized sample of fresh juice was inoculated into 9 ml SCB for enrichment at 37oC for 6 hours. For detection of Vibrio spp., 1ml sample was inoculated into 9 ml Alkaline Peptone Water (APW) by following the same procedure as mentioned before. After enrichment the SCB and APW media containing fresh juice samples were streaked onto Salmonella-Shigella (SS) and Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salt Sucrose (TCBS) agar, respectively. After that samples were inoculated onto selective agar they were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Transparent colony with black center on the SS agar indicated the presence of Salmonella spp. and the large, yellow colonies on the TCBS agar is indicative for the presence of Vibrio spp12. Biochemical tests were performed to ensure the identity of the isolates.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 36, Number 1, June 2019, pp 49-53

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In the present study, most of the organism showed multi drug resistant property. Klebsiella spp. was found to be resistant against 4 out of 8 antibiotics including, Erythomycin (15 µg), Amoxicillin (10 µg), Vancomycin (30 µg) and Rifampicin (5 µg). Enterobacter aerogenes and Proteus vulgaris showed similar resistance pattern. Both the isolates were found resistant against 4 antibioticsErythomycin (15 µg), Amoxicillin (10 µg), Rifampicin (5 µg) and Cefixime (5 µg). Vibrio parahaemolyticus showed resistance against all nine antibiotics. Vibrio cholera was resistant against Amoxicillin, 10 µg; Rifampicin, 5 µg Azithromycin 15 µg and Cefixime 5 µg and was intermediately resistant against Erythomycin15 µg and Neomycin 10 µg. and Staphylococcus aureus was the only organism which was sensitive to each tested antibiotic. Prevalence of drug resistance property in these isolates can cause serious health hazards and question effective treatment of the sufferers by commonly prescribed antibiotics35 . Taste, low price and availability make street vended juices highly popular to general people. But these drinks will be beneficial if these are of good quality and microbiologically safe for consumption. Over all the results of the study indicate that all street vended fresh juices in many parts of the Dhaka City are contaminated with high load of TVC, total coliform, Staphylococci, fungi and Vibrio spp. It is contended that contamination is mainly due to poor quality of water used for dilution as well as prevailing poor hygienic conditions maintained by the vendors and vending area. The location by the side of a busy road with heavy vehicular traffic (airborne particles) or by the side of the waste disposal system and overcrowding seem to add to the contamination. Such area should be avoided for establishing a street vender juice shop. Prevalence of pathogenic faecal coliforms, Staphylococci and Vibrio spp. is alarming enough for an immediate action by the suitable agency. Strict and regular monitoring of the quality of fruit juices for human consumption must be introduced to avoid any future pathogen outbreaks. Guideline should be made to restrict the use of antibiotic and emergence of drug resistant organism from these food items.

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