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Prevalence and Antibiogram Profiling of Rotten Fruits from Different Areas of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Mahmuda Akhter Akhi
Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka - 1213, Bangladesh

Avijit Banik
Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka - 1213, Bangladesh

Oshin Ghurnee
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.

Nantu Chandra Das
Department of Microbiology, Jagannath University, Dhaka -1100, Bangladesh.

Showmitro Nondi
Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka - 1213, Bangladesh

Maruf Abony*
Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Banani, Dhaka - 1213, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Fruits are highly nutritious, sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers etc. and these are part of our daily diet. However, during cultivation, harvesting, transportation, handling fruits get contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms which leads to severe problems to community. Owning to this point, in current research, bacteriological analysis was performed on Sofeda, Pineapple, Grape, Banana, Apple, Orange, Guava, papaya, Jujube and Starfruit. Total 50 samples were randomly collected from market and street vendors of Dhaka city. Higher numbers of rotten fruits were present in wholesale markets. 35 strains were isolated which included Salmonella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylocoous aureus and E. coli. They were identified using biochemical test and antibiogram for selective isolates. In case of drug resistance of isolates, majority exhibited resistance against Erythromycin, Vancomycin and Amoxycillin and showing sensitivity against Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. It was observed in the current study that 100% isolates were resistant against Erythromycin, followed by Amoxycillin 90.63% and vancomycin 86.25%, where only 35.27% isolates were resistant against Ciprofloxacin. In case of sensitivity 64.73% isolates were sensitive against Ciprofloxacin followed by Ceftriaxone 66.25%.

Keywords: Rotten fruits; Pathogen detection; Antibiogram; Food borne diseases; Food safety

Location: Dhaka city-- Savar, Mirpur, Uttara, Mohakhali and Banani

Start Date: 00-11-2018

End Date: 00-05-2019

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Fruit

Objectives:

The following study was carried out to investigate the microbiological status in rotten fruits collected from local vendors of different areas of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Methodology:

2.1 Sample Collection Unwashed and unprocessed rotten fruits were collected from 5 different areas around Dhaka city-- Savar, Mirpur, Uttara, Mohakhali and Banani between November 2018 to May 2019. Ten different types of fruits were collected from each location with a total of 50 in number. Fruits sold by street vendors often do not include rotten fruits as they are periodically removed from display, which is a major cause for lack of available rotten fruit samples. All samples were collected in sterile plastic Stomacher bags from local fruit markets and local fruit vendors and brought in inside a cool ice boxes (4ºC) within 2 hours of collection. Processing and further assessment was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2.2 Sample Preparation and Isolation of Presumptive Organisms For enrichment, 25 grams of rotten fruits was added to 225 ml of buffered peptone broth. Then samples were homogenized with 120 rpm at 37ºC for 35-48 hours. After being homogenized, 1ml of each sample were transferred to different selective enrichment media such as 1 ml of sample transferred in 9 ml Tetrathionate broth, Phenol Red lactose broth and Alkaline peptone water (APW). They were incubated overnight at 37ºC. After incubation period, enriched samples were transferred from TT broth by the four-way streak method in Salmonella-Shigella agar (SS agar) and Bismuth Sulphate Agar (BSA) for detection of Shigella spp. and Salmonella spp.. Samples from Phenol red lactose broth were transferred to Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and MacConkey agar for detection of E. coli and other enterobacteriacae and APW samples were transferred to Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile saltSucrose (TCBS) Agar which was used for detection of Vibrio spp. An enriched sample from buffered peptone water was transferred to Manitol Salt agar and Cetrimide agar by streak plate method. All selective Medias were incubated 24±2 hours at 37ºC. After incubation, single colonies were picked and were further sub cultured again in the selective Medias to get isolated pure colony. 2.3 Identification of Isolates The bacterial isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics, Gram stain of pure culture and biochemical tests according to the Bergey’s Manual of systematic Bacteriology and database for different isolates. 2.4 Antibiogram Test for Isolates Antibiogram of identified isolates were conducted for in vitro antibiotic resistance profiling using Kirby-Bauer method against commercially available antibiotics. Chloramphenicol (C30); Vancomycin (V30); Erythromycin (E15); Ciprofloxacin (CIP30); Amoxycilin (AMC10); Ceftriaxone (CRO30) - from Oxoid, UK were used for current study. The action of the antibiotics allowed determining the inhibition of the pathogen to the degree proportional to the diameter of the zone of inhibition where it shows that the clear zone resulted from diffusion of the antimicrobial substance that surrounds the disc onto the agar medium. Using 5 ml of MullerHinton broth all pure culture of specific isolates were inoculated and then incubated overnight at 37ºC. The turbidity of the broth culture was adjusted to 0.5 McFarland standards and the standard turbid broth was spread evenly on complete surface of the plates of Muller-Hinton agar in order to measure the susceptibility of antibiotics [24].The zone diameter for individual antimicrobial agents was then interpreted into categories of susceptible, intermediate and resistant according to the guidelines from National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).

Source of Information: European Journal of Medicinal Plants 30(4): 1-9, 2019; Article no.EJMP.53329; ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In conclusion it can be said that current study shows a complete bacteriological profiling of rotten fruits from local markets of Dhaka city, which is of interest for public health significance and awareness of food borne pathogens. There are many sources of contamination caused by improper handling of products such as poor water quality, transmission from badly sanitized containers and people casually carrying produce during processing, packaging, ineffective hand washing procedures, improper storage temperature and transportation. To avoid the expansion of infections, particular practices of food consumption and washing fruits before it’s consumed should be considered. The government involvement for awareness on the issue should be implemented along with corrective actions and for the protection of the consumer; it is required to assess the quality of food. Food and Drug Authority could implement the food safety law more effectively by monitoring the retailers not to sell these items.

Knowledge Management: Journal