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Determination of Toxic Heavy Metals in Tremendously Consumed Indigenous Fruit Species Via Bangladeshi People

Fahmida Akhter*
Department of Home Science, Dania College, Dhaka-1236, P.R Bangladesh

Fahmida Naznin
Department of Social Work, Dania College, Dhaka-1236, P.R Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Background:Fruits are nature's marvellous gift to the humankind; indeed, they are life-enhancing medicines packed with vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and many phytonutrients (Plant-derived micronutrients).In recent years, world consumption of the fruit has significantly increased due to their potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. Fruits are sources of many essential nutrients that are under-consumed, including potassium, dietary fibre, vitamin C, and folic acid. Consuming a diet rich in fruit may reduce the risk for stroke, other cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes. Consequently, it is emergent to determine the toxic elements in highly consumed indigenous fruit with a good number of varieties. Objective: The study aims to assess the concentrationof four heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg) in ten indigenous fruit speciescollected from local markets of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Method: Fruit elements were measured by using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to evaluate their potential health risks from the toxic metals by the consumption of fruit. Result:The concentration of toxic elements in fruit samples found 0.062-0.34 mg/kg for Pb, 0.053-0.34 mg/kg for Cr, The Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium(Cd) concentrations in the investigated fruit samples found below detection limit (<0.02 mg/kg for Hg and <0.01 mg/kg for Cd) except in Pear (Pyruscommunis) fruit. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of all the substantial studied basis of mean fruit consumption of 44.7 g/person/day by Bangladeshi households indicates that no risk to people's health concerning the EDI of studied heavy metals through the use of the selected fruit samples. Conclusion:From the human metals calculated on health point of view, the estimation of non-carcinogenic risk indicates that intake of individual heavy metals, as well as combined heavy metals through the consumption of fruit, is safe for human health.

Keywords: Indigenous Fruit; Toxic Metals; Health Hazard Assessment; Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.

Location: Different local markets Dhaka city, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal

Objectives:

This study aims to determine the level of some heavy metal in fruits of Bangladesh and assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risk associated with the consumption of the selected fruits.

Methodology:

Study area and sampling location: We collected ten indigenous fresh fruit species which are highly consumed by the Bangladeshi population from two different local markets Dhaka city, namely: Mirpur-10 and Mohammadpur Krisi Market. Selection of Elements: The concentrations of four toxic elements Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), and Mercury (Hg) determined in 20 samples of commonly fresh fruit. Collection and preservation of samples After collection fruit species have been wrapped in polythene bags to transport to the Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy centre Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, immediately after transportation to the laboratory samples have been washed with distilled water, further washed with deionised water to remove the dirty or other fouling substances. The edible parts of each sample have been removed and chopped into pieces with the aid of a steam cleaned stainless steel knife, then took the weight of samples.After that, the samples are dried in 100°C oven until the samples are dehydrated, which achieved by reaching constant pressure and temperature for 2 days. Then we took the weight of the dry sample to measure the moisture content of fruits. Further, the dried samples have been grounded into a fine powder form and stored in a fresh plastic polythene bag ready for digestion. Sample digestion: To determine the trace elements from edible portions of the fruit acid digestion method has been performed. Acid digestion is a method of dissolving sample into solution by adding acids and heating until the complete decomposition of the matrix. In this study,theacid digestion method executed by using a hot plate.In hot plate digestion system from each fruit sample, 1g dry sample placed in a 100 ml beaker. Afterwards, about 8 ml of concentrated nitric acid (analytical grade, 65%) poured into the beaker. A crystal glass placed at the mouth of the beaker, and the beaker placed on a magnetic hot plate. The mixture has been heated for 2 hours to remove all oxidisable matter. Then 1 ml of hydrogen peroxide (30%) added in the mixture and the temperature maintained another 30 minutes. Once the digestion has completed while all samples completely dissolved in the acid and the volume content is 1 ml. The digested acid solution filtered by filter paper and adding reduced to deionised water and stored in 25 ml vial. Blank Preparation: During the digestion process of fruit samples, reagent blanks (laboratory blank) prepared to ensure that the samples and the chemicals used are not contaminated.They arearrangedsimilarly as samples,except that no samples added to the digestion vessels. After digestion, reagent blanks are rated as samples and diluted with the samefactor. They are analysed before the main samples.Each set of digested samples have its reagent blanks and corrected by using their blank samples. Spike Sample Preparations: Spike sample analysis used to test the method at varying concentrations of the analyte.Knownamounts of analyte added to the unknown sample and the calculatedtherecoverypercent.Ifinterferences are present in the samples,results obtained which are significantlyhigher or lower than the actual concentration.Each set of digested samples has at least onespike sample. Instrumental Analysis: A Varian AA28OZ Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) with Zeeman background correction system equipped with a graphite furnace (GTA 120)and an autosampler (PSD120)used for the determination of Pb,Cd and Cr.Moreover, Hg determined using Cold Vapour AAS (CV-AAS).Atomic signals measured for Pd,Cd,Cr in peak area mood and Hg in integration mood.The working standard solutionsprepared by appropriate dilution of the respective 1000 milligram per litre(mg/L)stock standard solutions using 1%(w/w) supra pure grade Nitric Acid (MerckDarmsta,Germany). All containers and glassware have been cleaned by soaking into 20% Nitric acidfor at least 24 hours and rinsed three times with deionised water before use.

Source of Information: IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT); e-ISSN: 2319-2402, p- ISSN: 2319-2399.Volume 14, Issue 2Ser. III (February. 2020), PP 52-59

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.9790/2402-1402035259

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Everybody loves to consume fruits because they are delicious. People consumed fruits since ancient times and fruit is a word that was spoken even in the mythology. Fruits are not only consumed as food but also used for the preparation of medicine. Indigenous fruits considered to be one of the essential sources containing an enormous amount of nutritional contents and lesser amounts of toxic chemical contaminants. Therefore, constant monitoring of heavy metals is needed on all food commodities to evaluate if any potential health risks from heavy metal exposure do exist, to assure food safety, and to protect the end user from food that might injure their health.

Knowledge Management: Journal