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Phytochemical Screening and Analgesic Activities of Two Bangladeshi Medicinal Plants: Diospyros Peregrina and Alocasia Fornicata

Shammy Sarwar
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh

Israt Jahan Biva
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh

Tajnin Ahmed
Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh

Md. Iqbal Ahmed*
Pharmacy Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh

Md. Ashikur Rahman
Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

This study deals with crude methanolic extract of the stem bark of Diospyros peregrina and the rhizome of Alocasia fornicata were investigated for phytochemical screening and possible analgesic activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that both extracts possessed the active principles - alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins. The analgesic activity was evaluated for its central and peripheral pharmacological actions using tail immersion method and acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice respectively. Both extracts produced a significant increase in pain threshold in tail immersion methods in a dose dependent manner. The crude extracts displayed significant reduction in acetic acid induced writhing in mice with a maximum effect of 72.1 % reduction at 500 mg/kg and 88.05 % reduction at 400 mg/kg body weight which are comparable to the standard analgesic drug, diclofenac sodium (78.09 %).

Keywords: Diospyros peregrina, Alocasia fornicata, Analgesic, Tail immersion

Location: Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, 51, Siddeswari Road, Dhaka 1217, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Development of Host and Medicinal Plants

Commodity: Medicinal Plants

Objectives:

As part of our ongoing phytochemical and pharmacological screening in the present study, we evaluated the analgesic activities of methanol extract of D. peregrina bark and methanol extract of A. fornicata rhizome.

Methodology:

Chemicals and drugs: Methanol, Ethanol (80%) and Acetic acid were purchased from Merck, Germany. Tween 80 and Diclofenac-Na were obtained from India. All other reagents were of analytical grade. Plant material: The plant Diospyros peregrina and Alocasia fornicata were collected from a village of Nilphamari in the month of May 2008. A voucher specimen for this collection has been maintained in Bangladesh National Herbarium, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The collected plants were shade-dried for four week. The plants were ground into a coarse powder with the help of a suitable grinder (Capacitor start motor, Wuhu motor factory, China). The powder was stored in an airtight container and kept in a cool, dark and dry place until analysis commenced. Extraction: The powdered plant samples (500 g) were soaked in 1.5 L of methanol for 16 days and then filtered through a cotton plug followed by Whatman filter paper number 1. The extracts were concentrated with a rotary evaporator and it afforded 15 g of the methanolic extract. Animal: For the experiment male Swiss albino mice, 3-4 weeks of age, weighing between 20-25 gm, were collected from the animal research branch of the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease and Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR, B). Animals were maintained under standard environmental conditions (temperature: 24 ± 1⁰C, relative humidity: 55-65% and 12hrs light/12 hrs dark cycle) and had free access to feed and water ad libitum. The animals were acclimatized to laboratory condition for one week prior to experiments. The institutional animal ethical committee approved all protocols for animal experiment. Phytochemical Screening: The freshly prepared crude extract was qualitatively tested for the presence of various phytochemical constituents (Ghani, 2003). Following tests were performed for the identification of different chemical groups present in the extract (Evans, 1989). Test for Carbohydrates: Molisch’ s test: Two ml solution of the extract of the plant material was taken in a test tube. Two drops of freshly prepared 10% alcoholic solution of -naphthol was taken in test tube and thoroughly mixed. 2ml of conc. sulphuric acid was given to flow down the side of the inclined test tube so that the acid forms a layer beneath the aqueous solution. A red or reddish violet ring was formed at the junction of the two layers if a carbohydrate was present. A dark purple solution was formed on standing or shaking. The test tube was shaken and allowed to stand for 2 minutes, and then it was diluted with 5ml of water. A dull violet precipitate was formed immediately which confirmed the presence of carbohydrates. Tests for Tannins: Ferric chloride test: Five ml solution of the extract was taken in a test tube. Then 1ml of 5% ferric chloride solution was added. Greenish black precipitate was formed which confirmed the presence of tannins. Potassium dichromate test: 5ml solution of the extract was taken in a test tube. Then 1ml of 10% potassium dichromate solution was added. A yellow precipitate was formed in the presence of tannins. Test for Flavonoids: A few drops of conc. hydrochloric acid were added to a small amount of methanolic extract of the plant material. Immediate development of a red color indicated the presence of flavonoids. Test for Saponins: One ml solution of the extract was diluted to 20ml with distilled water and shaken in a graduated cylinder for 15 minutes. 1cm layer of foam indicated the presence of saponins. Test for Gums: Five ml solution of the extract was taken and then Molisch's reagent and sulphuric acid were added. Presence of red violet ring at the junction of two liquids indicated the presence of gums. Test for Steroids: Sulphuric acid test: One ml solution of chloroform extract was taken and then 1ml sulphuric acid was added. Presence of red color indicated the presence of steroids. Tests for Alkaloids: Mayer’s test: Two ml solution of the extract and 0.2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid were taken in a test tube. Then 1ml of Mayer’ s reagent was added. Yellow color precipitate was formed and that indicated the presence of alkaloids. Dragendroff’ s test: 2ml solution of the extract and 0.2ml of dilute hydrochloric acid were taken in a test tube. Then 1ml of Dragendroff’ s reagent was added. Orange brown precipitate was formed which indicated the presence of alkaloids.

Source of Information: Khulna University Studies Volume 10 Number (1&2) : 179-184 : June-December 2010

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Based on the results of the present study, it can be concluded that the plant extract possesses remarkable analgesic potential. However, further studies are needed to understand the exact mechanisms of antioxidant and analgesic action and to isolate the compound(s) responsible for such activity.

Knowledge Management: Journal