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Comparative Phytochemical Screening of Normal and Formalin Treated Mango

G.M. Masud Parvez
Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Dr. Ashik Mosaddik
Department of Pharmacy, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was designed to evaluate the phytochemical properties of mango after formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) treatment. For this purpose, fresh raw mangoes are collected, washed with pure water and divided into two groups. One group was treated with formalin for 7 consecutive days and another group was kept as normal. Both groups of samples are then peeled off, dried, crushed into coarse powder and extracted by ethanol under a sonication bath. Then the samples are filtered and concentrated with a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 50°C. Then phytochemical screening was carried out and found that treatment with formalin markedly decreased the phenolic and flavonoid content of mango. A similar result was found in both peel and fleshes which indicates that formalin may penetrate into the peel and brings a certain change in the flesh. The protein content of mango also shows a downward movement after formalin treatment

Keywords: Mango, Phytochemical, Phenolic, Flavonoid, Protein content

Location: Department of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Quality and Nutrition

Commodity: Mango

Objectives:

While mango flesh also contains Phenolic compounds (Mangiferin, gallotannins), Flavonoids] and Phenolic acids but there is no study about the change of those chemical constituents after formalin treatment.

Methodology:

2.1 Collection and preparation of samples: About 10 kg of raw mango was collected from the Chapainawabganj in Rajshahi. The mango was collected as pure state as it does not contain any foreign chemical. The mango is used for further analysis. After collection, the mango was washed thoroughly in distilled water and then shed dried. The mango was divided into two groups, one group is treated with formalin for 7 days and another group was kept as normal. The formalin solution was sprayed with a spray gun. Both groups of mangoes were peeled off, and peels and fleshes are oven-dried at 55° C. The peels and flesh of each group are then ground into a coarse powder. The samples are then extracted by ethanol under a sonication bath and filtered through Whatman No.1 filter papers. 2.2 Preliminary phytochemical screening 2.2.1 Frothing test: About 0.1 gm of different fractions of the plant materials was shaken vigorously with water. Production of a persistent frothing (which remains stable on heating) indicates the presence of saponins. 2.2.2 Lead acetate test: About 5 ml of an aqueous solution of different fractions was taken in a test tube and few drops of 1% solution of lead acetate were added to the test tube. A yellow or red precipitate indicates the presence of tannins. 2.2.3 Glycoside test: Small amount of different fractions of the plant material was taken in the test tubes and was dissolved in 1 ml of water. A few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution were then added to the test tubes. The development of yellow color indicates the presence of glycosides. 2.2.4 Libermann - Burchard’s test: Small amount of different fractions of the plant material was dissolved in 1 ml of chloroform. Two ml of acetic anhydride and 1 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid were added to the solution. The formation of a greenish colour that turns blue on standing indicates the presence of steroids. 2.2.5 Alkaloids test: About 0.5 gm of the extract was stirred with 5 ml of 1% hydrochloric acid on a steam bath and was filtered. One ml of the filtrate was treated with a few drops of Dragendorff’s (Bismuth potassium iodide solution) reagent. The formation of an orange-red precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids. 2.2.6 Salkowski’s test: 1ml of chloroform was added to 2 ml of each extract followed by a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. A reddish-brown precipitate produced immediately indicates the presence of terpenoids. 2.2.7 Flavonoids test: 2 ml of extracts was treated with few drops of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Formation of intense yellow colour, which becomes colourless on addition of dilute hydrochloric acid, indicates the presence of flavonoids. 2.2.8 Ferric chloride test: A fraction of the extracts was treated with aqueous 5% ferric chloride, formation of deep blue or black colour indicates the presence of phenols. 2.2.9 Ninhydrin test: 2ml of filtrate was treated with 2-5 drops of ninhydrin solution, placed in a boiling water bath for 1-2 minutes, formation of purple colour indicates the presence of proteins. 2.3 Total phenolic content of different extractives such as normal peel (NP), formalin treated peel (FP), normal flesh (NF) and formalin treated flesh (FF) was determined using the FolinCiocalteu method as described by Miliauskas et al [39]. Gallic acid was used for the preparation of calibration curve. Volumes of 400 μL aliquots of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg/L sample solutions were added to test tubes followed by 2 mL of 10% (v/v) Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The mixture was mixed and incubated for 5 min before addition of 2 mL 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate. The resulting mixture was further incubated for 1 h in dark at room temperature before absorbance was measured at 765 nm with a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Results were expressed as mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) per 100 g dry weight of plant. 2.4 Total flavonoid content The content of total flavonoids of different extractives, such as NP, FP, NF and FF was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method [40] using (+)-Catechin (CA) as standard. In this method, aluminum chloride formed complex with hydroxyl groups of flavonoids present in the samples. 500 μl solution of extractives and standard of different concentrations were taken and100 µl of 10% aluminium chloride solution was added into each of the test tubes. 100 µl of 1M potassium acetate solution was added into each of the test tubes and then incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes to complete the reaction. Then the absorbance of the solution was measured at 420 nm using a spectrophotometer against blank. The content of total flavonoids compounds in plant extracts in CAE was calculated by the following formula. C = (c x V)/m Where, C = total content of flavonoid compounds, mg/g of plant extract in GAE. c = the concentration of CA in mg/ml established from the calibration curve. V = the volume of extract in ml m = the weight of pure plant extracts in gm.

Source of Information: Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2016; 5(3): 114-119

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Therefore the present study indicates that formalin decreases the medicinal value of natural mango fruit and social awareness should be carried out to stop the rampant use of formalin. The decreased nutritional value of mango indicates that formalin may penetrate into the peel and contaminates the flesh. Further study is required to determine the mechanism of formalin penetration and reduction of medicinal value.

Knowledge Management: Journal