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Research Detail

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Mohammed Ashraful Haque
Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Marine Fisheries and Technology Station, Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh and Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Md. Istiaque Hossain
Department of Fisheries, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh

Sheikh Aftab Uddin
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh

Probin Kumar Dey
Department of Fisheries, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Seabass, Lates calcarifer (Bloch 1790) is an euryhaline and a popular fish in south and southeast Asian countries due to its higher growth rate, giant size, excellent taste and higher market demand. It is locally known as Bhetki or Koral and available around the year in the estuarine and coastal regions of Bangladesh. In many countries (e.g. Australia, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand etc.), the species is artificially propagated and commercially cultured. The breeding technology has not yet been developed in Bangladesh. Now a days Bangladesh is progressing day by day in freshwater aquaculture but it is far behind in case of coastal and mariculture. To get the mass seed production of fry/fingerlings of seabass, we need to develop the artificial breeding technology of the said species. There are only a few studies published on biology, aquaculture, brood development and artificial breeding activities of seabass in Bangladesh where investigators used live feed (Tilapia) and small indigenous fish species (SIFS) on brood development in captivity but none could adapt to formulated feed on seabass aquaculture. Some researchers made attempt to develop seabass broodstock for artificial breeding purpose, but none can success in captive condition in Bangladesh. Only one breeding trial conducted by stripping method using wild brood, but the development of the fertilized eggs ceased attaining up to the neurola stage. 

  Seabass, Feeding, Broodstock, Mariculture
  The coastal regions of Bangladesh
  
  
  Animal Health and Management
  Feed, Nutrition, Fish

To determine the seabass artificial breeding and culture technology, as well as their brood stock nutrition and to get quality fish fingerlings in Bangladesh.

Seabass is a shallow water fish. The entire fishing of the Lates calcarifer is confined to the coastal waters and tidal rivers of Bangladesh. Their distribution does not extend to deep sea and is limited to 40-60 nautical miles from the shore. In Bangladesh, this fish is available in Naf river estuary of Teknaf Hossain et al., (1998), Bakkhali river estuary of Cox’s Bazar (Hossain et al., 1998; Das, 2000), Chakaria (Hossain et al., 1998; Monowar et al., 2013), Karnafully river estuary of Chattagram (Karmaker and Das, 2000), Feni river, Sandwip, Char kukrimukri, Char chapli, Galachipa, Urir Char and Hatiya, (Quddus and Shafi, 1983), Barisal, Patuakhali and Khulna (Rahman, 1989), Rupsha and Shibsha river near Khulna (Kamruzzaman, 2013), Bagerhat and Satkhira (Siddik et al., 2016). Sexually mature fish are found in the mouths of the river and in the coastal area where salinity and depth range between 30-32 ppt and 10-15 m, respectively (Huda et al., 2003). The newly hatched larvae (15-20 days old or 0.4-0.7 cm) are distributed along the coast of the brackish water estuaries, while the 1-cm larvae can be found in freshwater bodies such as rivers, canals, river side submerged areas etc. Under natural conditions, seabass grows in fresh water and migrates to more salt water for spawning (Kamal et al., 2018). Adults and juvenile fish have territorial behavior, and migration is seasonal. The species is considered tropical, tolerant to temperatures from 15 ° to 40 ° C (Katersky and Carter, 2005). Identification of the sexes is difficult except during the spawning season. Seabass spends 2-3 years in freshwater areas i.e. rivers or lakes which are connected to the sea for its developing. It has a quick growth rate, regularly achieving a size of 3-4 kg within 23 years. Adult fish (3-4 years) move from fresh waters to the mouth of the river into the ocean, where salinity ranges from 28-31 ppt for gonadal development and resulting spawning (Moore, 1982; Davis, 1985). Several authors have described sea bass as an annual breeder with a single peak spawning (Patnaik and Jena, 1976; Kowtal, 1977; Russell and Garrett, I983, 1985; Davis, 1985. In Chilka Lake, India, Jhingran and Natarajan (1969) observed two spawning peaks. In Bangladesh, single peak spawning was observed, seabass spawned during the transitional monsoon from late April to early June Das (2000). The spawning season and duration vary from place to place, but breeding is synchronized with the wet season so that larvae can take advantage of the aquatic habitat resulting from rain, which provides a food-rich, predator-free environment for the development of young fish. (Moore, 1979; Davis, 1985).  The adult seabass is considered an insatiable carnivore (Russell and Garrett, 1983) but juveniles are omnivorous and opportunistic predatory species, with ontogenetic dietary progression from crustacean to fish (Davis, 1985). Several authors (Mennon, 1948; De, 1971, Davis, 1985; Tacon et al., 1991; Kailasam et al. 2002; Al-Noor et al., 2012 and Kamruzzaman et al., 2013) carried out a study on L. calcarifer food and feeding habits. These reviews reveal that fish and crustaceans (shrimp and crab) are the main foodstuffs of seabass in Bangladesh. The present review study found that, in the case of seabass brood breeding, Haroon et al.,(2005) reported an attempt was taken to develop gonadal maturation of seabass. They collected seabass both from wild and captive sources and reared for 4 years in 80 m2 out-door cistern, but failed. Slight semen was observed in males of > 4.0 kg fish. In addition, Saleque and Hossain (2010) stated that in Teknaf, Cox's Bazar, about 500 fish were reared for breeding purposes in 5 earthen ponds, but gonadal maturity not occurred only increased in biomass in over three years. Wild seabass fry and fingerlings are collected from the coastal area of Sundarban, particularly during the post-monsoon period. According to Siddik et al. (2016), seabass farms are usually divided into two sections in Bangladesh; the large one is used to grow shrimps, where native tilapia is used as live food for seabass. Tilapia fish are highly fecund and are constantly producing larvae in the pond. The small section of the farm is used to store seabass until the end of shrimp farming.  Nearly all shrimps are harvested and sold between July and September, then the entire farm devoted to seabass cultivation until the next shrimp cultivation season. Seabass is being replenished between December and February. 

  Res. Agric. Livest. Fish. Vol. 6, No. 3, December 2019 : 405-414. ISSN : P-2409-0603, E-2409-9325
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

In Bangladesh, seabass is widely abundant in the coastal areas of marine and coastal environment. It breeds naturally in the estuaries of different regions of Bangladesh. Farmers are following extensive seabass farming system along with tilapia and other fish species by using natural sources seabass fry and fingerling. None can adopt reared seabass to trash fish or artificial feed. Though appreciated growth was recorded in pond or hatchery, seabass collected from freshwater sources did not respond for gonadal maturation in captive condition. 
 
The major facilities that need addressing to make seabass breeding successful in Bangladesh are: 1. Seabass hatchery should be established in Cox’s Bazar region. 2. Wild ripe seabass brood can be collected from nearby spawning grounds for an initial trial. 3. For regular supply of seabass brood, seabass will be reared in cage in offshore sea area. 4. Appropriate seabass artificial feed should be developed or to confirm availability as per demand. 5. Long term research should be carried out to develop the seabass artificial breeding in Bangladesh. 

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