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Biology, Pest Status and Management of Jackfruit Borer, Diaphania Caesalis Walker

Sakhaoyad Hossain Mridha
MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENTOMOLOGY SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2006

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Experiments were conducted in the farmer's orchard of Gazipur district and in the laboratory and Fruit farm of Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Gazipur during January, 2005 to August, 2005 to study Biology, Pest status and management of jackfruit borer, Diaphania caesalis Walker. From the study, it was found that a female moth laid on an average 31.29 eggs, the incubation period of the egg was 4.5 days. The larval period, pupal period, adult stage were on an average 12.01 days, 6.83 days, 4.5 days., the highest fruit infestation was recorded in Joydebpur (30.84%) and the lowest was in Sreepur (21.08%). In Joydebpur, farmers were the most conscious about the attraction of jackfruit borer (98.5%) and the least in Kapasia. In view of Joydebpur’s farmers the highest fruit infestation 53.78%) and the lowest in Sreepur (28.96%). At 30 days after fruit setting (DAFS) the fruit infestation was the lowest while the infestation reached its peak at 30 DAFS. Fruit infestation level declined gradually from 60 DAFS to 120 DAFS. Among the different control measures evaluated against jackfruit borer, the lowest infestation was obtained from bagging treatment (3.18%) and no significant difference was observed between bagging treatment and neem oil treatment

Keywords: Biology, Pest status, Management, Jackfruit borer,

Location: In the farmer's orchard of Gazipur district and in the laboratory and Fruit farm of Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute, Gazipur

Start Date: 00-01-2005

End Date: 00-08-2005

Program Area: Pest Management

Commodity: Borer, Jackfruit

Objectives:

1. To study the biology and morphometries of jackfruit borer. 2. To determine the pest status of jackfruit borer. 3. To develop management packages for sustainable, economic and environmentally friendly control measures of the pest.

Methodology:

Series of experiments were undertaken to study “Biology, pest status and management of jackfruit borer. Diaphania caesalis Walker.” Among them, biology and management of the pest were conducted at Fruit orchard of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh, while survey on the fruit infestation through direct count and through farmers’ interview at four locations of Gazipur district. On the other hand incidence of fruit, the infestation was also studied at 10 different jackfruit orchards of Gazipur district. The study area is situated at 24.09° North latitude and 90.26° East Longitudes with an elevation of 8.4 meters from the sea level. All the studies were done during January 2005 to August 2005. The materials and methods adopted in the study are discussed in the following sub-heading: 3.1 Climates The climatic condition of Gazipur has a unimodal rainfall pattern; most of the rainfall occurs during the months of May to September. The average rainfall is usually higher than 200 mm during November to March. The warmer months are April, May and June with mean maximum temperature of 31- 34°c and the cold months are November, December and January when the temperature ranges from 10-19°C. 3.2 Soil The area belongs to the Madhupur tract (AEZ-28), clay loam in texture having low organic matter (1.12%) moderately slow permeability and deficient in nitrogen, potassium and sulphur in comparison with the standard nutrient status. The soil is acidic in nature having pH between 5.9 to 6.1. 3.3 Biology and morphometries This study was carried out at IPM laboratory of the Entomology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur during February to June 2005. Pupae of Diaphania caesalis were collected from the jackfruit plants and kept in petridishes for adult emergence. A pair of freshly emerged male and female adults were caged in fine meshed nylon net with a small jackfruit twig having male and female spikes. The adults were allowed to mate and the female oviposit on the twigs and spikes which were checked carefully every day at 12.30 PM for egg laying. The number of eggs per batch and per female were counted and allowed to hatch. The incubation period was then recorded. Egg hatching percentage was then calculated. The newly hatched larvae were reared on the same spike. The larvae were observed daily until pupation to record the larval duration. When feeding stopped, the larvae were kept undisturbed for pupation and the pupal period was recorded. After emergence, the moths were observed daily to determine the longevity of the male and female jackfruit borer. The morphology of different stages of D. caesalis was also studied by measuring the size (length and breadth). The behaviour of the insect was noted during the experimental period. Following the same method biology and the morphology of the pest were studied for three generations. 3.4 Infestation status: Infestation status through direct count: One hundred plants were randomly selected from each location of Sreepur, Joydebpur and Kapasia of Gazipur district. A total of 4 observations were made per fruiting season from each location. The first observation was made at 30 days after fruit setting (DAFS), the second at 60 DAFS, the third at 90 DAFS and the fourth at 120 DAFS. The number of healthy and infested fruits was counted and recorded from the selected plants at different observations. Data of four observations were pooled and the mean was calculated. Percent fruit infestation was also calculated. Infestation status through farmers’ interview: A total of randomly selected 25 jackfruit growers were interviewed from each location of Lakhpur of Norsingdi district, Shreepur and Kapasia of Gazipur District to understand their views on the jackfruit borer. One set of objective-oriented questionnaires was provided to each jackfruit grower to collect his views on the infestation status of jackfruit borer. The survey was done during 2005 fruiting season (February – June 2005). The farmers’ interviews were recorded to reflect the farmers’ perception of the severity of the jackfruit borer. 3.5 Incidence of fruit infestation: Incidence of fruit infestation by the borer was studied from three locations, Kapasia, Sreepur & Joydebpur of Gazipur district. Numbers of healthy and infected fruits were counted and recorded from 25 randomly selected plants of each location by observation each plant carefully at 15 days intervals from the first fruit setting till the last harvest. The percentages of fruit infestation were calculated and plotted in a graph.

Source of Information: Registration Number: 25139/00285; A Thesis- Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENTOMOLOGY; SEMESTER: JULY - DECEMBER, 2006

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Achievement/Findings:

The infestation status of the jackfruit borer was determined by direct count and as per farmers’ view. In the case of direct count, it was observed that the height fruit infestation was recorded at Joydebpuer (30.64%), followed by Kapasia (24.05%). Fruits of Sreepur had the lowest infestation (21.08%). Results of direct count for fruit borer infestation were also reflected in farmers’ view. Joydebpur farmers’ viewed the highest fruit infestation (53.78%) followed by the farmers of Kapasia (32.84%) and Sreepur (28.96%). Joydebpur farmers were also found as the most conscious about the damage of jackfruit borer among the three studied locations. Around 98.5% of farmers know about the seriousness of the borer infestation at Joydebpur followed by 68.5% of farmers of Sreepur. On the other hand, Kapasaia farmers were less conscious about the matter. It was reported that at 30 days after fruit setting (DAFS) highest fruit infestation happened while the lowest infestation occurred at 15 DAFS, which gradually increased to the peak within 45 days (at 60 DAFS). Infestation of borer then gradually decreased. although even at 120 DAFS infestation of jackfruit borer was observed, which means that the borer can infest the matured fruits also. Among the three locations, the lowest infestation was consistently recorded at Sreepur and the highest infestation at Joydebpur. On the other hand, Kapasia had a medium infestation rate among the three locations. Among the different control measures evaluated against jackfruit borer, the lowest infestation was obtained from bagging treatment (3.18%) followed by neem oil treated plants (3.94%). Although there was no significant difference among them. Between the two insecticides tested against jackfruit borer, Tafgor 40 EC gave the highest protection against jackfruit borer than Ripcord 10 EC. The percent fruit infestations of Tafgor 10 EC treated plants were also not significantly different from that of bagging and neem oil treatment. The highest infestation has happened in the untreated control plants (18.75%)

Knowledge Management: Thesis