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Isolation of Cellulosic Materials from Wastes of Fruits of Bangladesh and Their Derivatization

Suraya Akter Ruma
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Farzana Rashid
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Mst. Rumama Afrin Sathi
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Nasrin Akter Rumy
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Anamika Saha
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.

Shuvra Debnath
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Tanvir Muslim
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Md. Azizur Rahman* .
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka University, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Cellulosic materials from various agro-wastes, ‘such as outer skin of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.), non-edible part of jackfruit, inner stick of jackfruit, skins of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) and skins of lotkon (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.)’ have been isolated. Cellulose acetate and carboxymethyl cellulose have been prepared from those isolated cellulosic materials. The prepared derivatives have been characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, titrimetric method and pH-metric titration. The results indicate the possibilities of commercial utilization of the cellulose derivatives.

Keywords: Cellulosic material, Cellulose acetate, Carboxymethyl cellulose, Titrimetric method, Agro-wastes

Location:

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Jackfruit

Objectives:

This research work is aimed at the isolation of cellulosic material from agro-wastes and conversion into their derivatives such as cellulose acetate and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Methodology:

Solvents and chemicals All the solvents used in this research work were analytical grade (Merck and BDH). All the solvents were distilled by fractional distillation before use. Sample collection and preparation: The samples, such as outer skin of jackfruit, nonedible part of jackfruit, inner stick of jackfruit, skin of lychee and skin of lotkon were collected from different places of Dhaka city. It was first cut into small pieces, dried in open air and finally dried in an oven below 45ºC. The dried samples were separately grinded with grinder mill and stored at room temperature to carry out all the experiments. Extraction of dried powder: Each of the dried powder samples was extracted separately with (500 ml) petroleum ether (b.p. 40−60ºC) under reflux condition for 30 minutes. After refluxing, the content of the flask was allowed to cool at room temperature and filtered. The residue was dried in the air and marked as “extractive free powder”. The percentages of yield were calculated for each sample and stored at room temperature to carry out the next experiments. Delignification of extractive free powder10: Each of the extractive free powder (10 g) was suspended in water (200 ml) in a conical flask and heated at 70−80ºC with constant stirring for 30 minutes in a magnetic stirrer. Then Sodium chlorite (2 g) was added into the conical flask followed by glacial acetic (15 ml) acid in drop wise. The addition of sodium chlorite and acetic acid were repeated four times. The percentages of yield of delignified powder (holocellulose) obtained from each extractive free powder was calculated and the results are given in Table 1. Isolation of α-cellulose11: Each of the dried holocellulose (3.0 g) was taken in a round bottom flask and sodium hydroxide solution (17.5%, 30 ml) was added into the flask under nitrogen atmosphere. Then the mixture was stirred for about 4 hours using a magnetic stirrer. Content of the flask was filtered with a cloth filter and the residue was washed with distilled water followed by acetic acid. The residue was further washed with water followed by ethanol. Finally, the residue was dried in air and the percentage of α-cellulose was calculated and the results are given in Table 1. Preparation of cellulose acetate12: Holocellulose (1.08 g) and α-cellulose (1.05 g) of each sample was taken separately in a round-bottomed flask and placed in a magnetic stirrer for frequent stirring at 80ºC for about 1 hour. After stirring, it was placed in a water bath at 60oC and a mixture of acetic anhydride (10 ml) and concentrated sulphuric acid (0.4 ml) was added into it drop wise from a dropping funnel for about 30 minutes at constant temperature. After addition of the mixture, the content of the flask was kept in water bath for another 30 minutes at the same temperature (60oC). The clear solution obtained at the bottom of the flask which was turned into curdy white precipitate after addition of distilled water. The precipitate of cellulose acetate obtained was centrifuged and washed with distilled water followed by ethanol. It was dried in air and percentage of yield of the cellulose acetate obtained from holocellulose and αcellulose respectively, was calculated and the results are given in Table 1. Determination of degree of substitution (DS) of cellulose acetate13: Degree of substitution of the prepared cellulose acetate was determined by titrimetric method. Ethanolic solution of cellulose acetate was treated with sodium hydroxide solution and the volume of unreacted sodium hydroxide was measured by standard hydrochloric acid. Degree of substitution of cellulose acetate was calculated and the results are given in Table 2. Preparation of carboxymethyl cellulose14: Holocellulose and α-cellulose of each sample (0.5 g) was taken separately in a round bottom flask and aqueous ethanolic (80%) sodium hydroxide solution (18%, 15 ml) was added with continuous stirring by a magnetic stirrer for 2 hours at 30 o C. The flask was placed in the thermostatic water bath with a condenser at 58 o C, and then monochloroacetic acid (10 ml of 80 %) was added drop by drop through a dropping funnel with occasional stirring and then the content of the flask was refluxed for 6 hours with reflux condenser. The flask was removed from the bath, cooled to room temperature and the content was centrifuged. The centrifuged mass was washed with 80% ethanol and finally with a mixture of ethanol (80%, 15ml) and acetic acid (1 ml). The carboxymethyl cellulose obtained was dried in air and the percentage of yield was calculated on the basis of holocellulose and α-cellulose, respectively and the results are given in Table 1.

Source of Information: IJAPBC – Vol. 3(2), Apr-Jun, 2014 ISSN: 2277 - 4688

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

This finding suggests that agro-wastes (outer skins and other non-edible parts of different fruits) might be used as a source of cellulosic material and the cellulosic material of the agro-waste could be successfully and significantly converted into its derivatives (cellulose acetate and carboxymethyl cellulose), which can be used for different commercial and industrial purposes.

Knowledge Management: Journal