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Mechanism Underlying the Uptake of Na+ , K+ and Cl - Under Salinity Stress- a Review

Bulbul Ahmed*
Plant Physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Akbar Hossain
Agronomy Division, Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh

Tanushree Halder
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh

Mousumi Sultana
Tuber Research Sub Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Bogra-5800, Bangladesh

Deepen Tamang
Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Sushil Kumar
Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Apurba Pal
Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Jahnavi Sen
Department of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Sabrina Shabnam
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh

Debjani Dutta
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur-5200, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Na+ concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis while low extracellular Na+ concentrations will establish a large Na+ electrochemical potential gradient. Excess sodium in the soil limits the uptake of water due to decreased water potential, which may result in wilting. The contribution of Na+ to the leaf osmotic potential (9s) was sharply enhanced from 2% in control plants to 49% in plants subjected to 400 mM NaCl. Atriplex canescens is able to enhance photosynthetic capacity, increase Na+ accumulation in tissues and salt bladders, maintain relative K+ homeostasis in leaves, and use inorganic ions and compatible solutes for osmotic adjustment which may contribute to the improvement of water status in plant. The strategies for maintaining a high K+ /Na+ ratio in the cytosol include sodium extrusion and/or sodium compartmentation. Xylem Na+ loading, and better K+ retention, is an efficient control over stomatal development and aperture. K+ involves in the process include the formation of carbohydrates and proteins, the regulation of internal plant moisture, as a catalyst and condensing agent of complex substances, as an accelerator of enzyme action, and as contributor to photosynthesis, especially under low light intensity where deficiency may result in higher risk of pathogens, wilting, chlorosis, brown spotting, and higher chances of damage from frost and heat. The compartmentation of Na+ and Cl − into the vacuole allows plants to use NaCl as an osmoticum to maintain an osmotic potential that drives water into the cells.

Keywords: Ion, Homostasis, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine

Location: Plant Physiology Division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Soil salinity

Objectives:

This review the available research on the mechanism underlying the uptake of Na+ , K+ and Cl - by plant parts under salinity stress condition.

Methodology:

Na+ in plant shoot, leaf and root At the plasma membrane, the chemical driving force for Na+ will vary depending on the salinity. Given the negative electrical membrane potential difference across the plasma membrane (−140 mV), even low extracellular Na+ concentrations will establish a large Na+ electrochemical potential gradient that will favor the passive transport of sodium from the environment into the cytosol (Blumwald et al., 2000). Kering (2008) illustrated that in C4 plants, sodium is a micronutrient that aids in metabolism, specifically in regeneration of phosphoenol pyruvate (involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation) and synthesis of chlorophyll). In others, it substitutes for potassium in several roles, such as maintaining turgor pressure and aiding in the opening and closing of stomata. Excess sodium in the soil limits the uptake of water due to decreased water potential, which may result in wilting; similar concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition, which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis. To avoid these problems, plants developed mechanisms that limit sodium uptake by roots, store them in cell vacuoles, and control them over long distances; excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue, limiting the damage to new growth.

K+ in plant shoot, leaf and root Maintaining constant intracellular ion homeostasis, especially KC and NaCl homeostasis, is essential for a series of physiological processes in living cells, and is more crucial for plant adapting to saline environments. To reduce cytosolic NaCl concentration, some halophytes developed a mechanism of ion compartmentation by sequestering excessive cytosolic NaCl into the central vacuole, which all alleviates the NaCl toxicity, thus maintains ion homeostasis and OA of cell in saline conditions Unlike other major elements, potassium does not enter into the composition of any of the important plant constituents involved in metabolism, but it does occur in all parts of plants in substantial amounts. It seems to be of particular importance in leaves and at growing points. Potassium is outstanding among the nutrient elements for its mobility and solubility within plant tissues. Processes involving potassium include the formation of carbohydrates and proteins, the regulation of internal plant moisture, as a catalyst and condensing agent of complex substances, as an accelerator of enzyme action, and as contributor to photosynthesis, especially under low light intensity.

Cl - in the plant shoot, leaf and root A cytosolically-directed electrochemical potential difference for Na+ is also normally present across the vacuolar membrane. Such measurements as have been made (all on NaCl-stressed tissue) suggest that [Na+ ] is usually 2 to 8 fold higher in the vacuolar lumen than in the cytoplasm. The compartmentation of Na+ into the vacuoles provides an efficient mechanism to avert the toxic effects of Na+ in the cytosol. Moreover, the compartmentation of Na+ and Cl − into the vacuole allows plants to use NaCl as an osmoticum to maintain an osmotic potential that drives water into the cells. The transport of Na+ into the vacuoles is mediated by a Na+ /H+ antiporter that is driven by the electrochemical gradient of protons generated by the V-type H+ - ATPase and the H+ - PPiase.

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Achievement/Findings:

The potassium ion (K+ ) is highly mobile and can aid in balancing the anion (negative) charges within the plant. Potassium helps in fruit coloration, shape and also increases its brix. Hence, quality fruits are produced in potassium-rich soils. Potassium serves as an activator of enzymes used in photosynthesis and respiration. The transport of Na+ into the vacuoles is mediated by a Na+ /H+ antiporter that are driven by the electrochemical gradient of protons generated by the V-type H+ - ATPase and the H+ - Ppiase. The compartmentation of Na+ and Cl − into the vacuole allows plants to use NaCl as an osmoticum to maintain an osmotic potential that drives water into the cells.

Knowledge Management: Journal