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Influence of Brick Manufacturing on Phosphorus and Sulfur in Different Agro-ecological Soils of Bangladesh

Reshma Akter
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Md. Jamal Uddin
University of Barisal, Barisal 8200, Bangladesh

Md. Faruque Hossain
American International University-Bangladesh, Kemal Ataturk Avenue, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh

Zakia Parveen
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of brick manufacturing on phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) concentrations in soil and plant collected from different distances of brick kilns in four AEZs of Bangladesh. Forty-eight composite soil samples (0 - 15 cm depth) were collected from 48 points in 12 different sites at 0 m, 300 m, 800 m and 1500 m from brick kilns, where most (site 2, site 3, site 5, site 6, site 7, site 9 and site 10) of the brick kilns used coal for brick burning purposes. Plant samples (rice straw and different vegetables) were also collected from the respective fields except 0 m distances. Significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower organic matter, cation exchange capacity, clay content and soil pH were found at 0 m distances compared to other distances. Highest concentrations of total P in soil were recorded at 0 m distances and these concentrations decreased with increasing distances from the brick kilns in most of the sites; whereas available P is significantly lower at 0 m distances than that of other distances. Total and available concentration of S in soil followed the trend 0 m>300 m>800 m>1500 m. Maximum accumulation of P (69.15 mg kg-1) and S (0.14%) in plant was found at 800 m away from the brick kiln.

Keywords: Phosphorus, Sulfur, Concentration, Accumulation, Agro-ecological soils

Location: Four different AEZs such as, AEZ 12 (Low Ganges River Floodplain), AEZ 13 (Ganges Tidal Floodplain), AEZ 18 (Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain) and AEZ 19 (Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain), Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Contamination of soil

Objectives:

The objective of this study is to assess the effects of brick manufacturing on P and S content nearby brick kiln soils at different distances in four agro-ecological zones in Bangladesh.

Methodology:

On the basis of geographic positions, four different AEZs such as, AEZ 12 (Low Ganges River Floodplain), AEZ 13 (Ganges Tidal Floodplain), AEZ 18 (Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain) and AEZ 19 (Old Meghna Estuarine Floodplain) have been selected to conduct the research. Soil samples were collected from the surrounding agricultural fields adjacent to the brick kilns in March, 2015. Four distances such as 0 m, 300 m, 800 m and 1500 m were identified based on the predicted brick kilns emission distances (Sikder et al. 20016). Zero meter distance indicates burnt soil and 300 m, 800 m, and 1500 m indicate unburnt soil. Forty-eight composite soil samples (0 - 15 cm depth) were collected from 48 points in 12 different sites at 0 m, 300 m, 800 m and 1500 m from brick kilns. Thirty-six plant (rice straw and different vegetables) samples were also collected from the respective fields. About 10 to 20 plant samples were collected from each point by uprooting. Both composite soil and plant samples were air-dried, then soil samples were ground and sieved through a 2 mm sieve and plant samples with a 0.2 mm sieve and stored for chemical analysis. The soil pH was determined by glass electrode pH meter at a soil: water ratio of 1 : 2.5 as described by Jackson (1973). The organic carbon of the soil samples was determined by Walkley and Black’s wet oxidation method as outlined by Jackson (1973). The organic matter content was calculated by multiplying the content of organic carbon by Van Bemmelen’s factor 1.73 (Piper 1950). The cation exchange capacity of the soil samples was determined by extracting the soil with normal ammonium acetate (Chapman 1965). After digestion of the soil samples with aqua-regia (HCl: HNO₃ = 3:1), the extract was used to determine the total sulphur content by turbidimetric method using a spectrophotometer at 420 nm wavelength. The total phosphorus content of the samples were determined by colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer by developing yellow color with vanadomolybdate as described by Jackson (1962). Available S was determined by turbidity of suspended barium sulphate using tween-80 as stabilizer and the turbidity was measured by spectrophotometer at 420 nm wavelength (Jackson 1962). Soil available phosphorus was extracted by using the Bray and Kartz method for pH less than 7 and Olson method for pH greater than 7. The extract was analyzed colorimetrically following the blue color method using ascorbic acid by spectrophotometer at 880 nm wavelength (Jackson 1962). Plant samples were digested with concentrated nitric acid and perchloric acid. After digestion of the samples the extract was used to determine the total S content by turbidimetric method and the total P was determined by colorimetric method. The statistical analyses ANOVA and correlation were done using Stata software version 12.

Source of Information: Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(2): 123-131, 2016 (December)

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The total P concentration and total and available S concentrations in soil were higher at 0 m distances compared to 300 m, 800 m and 1500 m distances around the brick kiln areas. The present research suggested that 800 m soils near brick kilns provide high P and S uptake by plants. It can be concluded that the findings of the work are alarming for crop production at a distance of 0 m to 300 m. So, care should be taken properly to protect our land resources from degradation by brick kilns.

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