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Evaluation of Yield, Physicochemical Characteristics and Fatty Acid Composition of Oil Extracted from Different Size of Kernel of Oil Palm (elaeis Guineensis) Fruits Grown in Bangladesh

M. Moinuddin
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

M. Ibrahim
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

M.S. Yeasmin
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

M. Moktadir
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

GM.M. Rana
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

A.C. Tahmina
Oils, Fats & Waxes Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Rajshahi, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from different sizes of oil palm kernel were evaluated in this study. Three different size of kernel of oil palm fruits were subjected to determine the oil content (%), their physicochemical properties, and fatty acid composition. It was observed that the palm kernel oil grown under the climatic condition of Bangladesh varied with some physicochemical properties depending on the size of seed. The variation in iodine values were 20.1, 17.2, and 16.5 in small, medium, and large kernels respectively indicated that there is a correlation between the size of kernel and iodine value of the oil. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of the oils extracted from three different sizes of kernel also found slight variation in Lauric acid and the values were 46.212, 44.332, and 44.023 in small-medium, and large respectively. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil were separated and their ratios were found to be varied from 88.2: 11.8, 89.5: 10.5, and 89.1: 10.9 in small-medium, and large respectively depending on the sizes. The amount of tocols also determined and the values were not significantly different in small, medium, and large kernel. The results from the study demonstrated that the small palm kernel oil (SPKO) exhibited good physicochemical properties and could be more suitable for preparing bakery and confectionery food products as well as industrial applications than those of medium palm kernel oil (MPKO) and large palm kernel oil (LPKO).

Keywords: Palm kernel, Fatty acid composition, Tocopherol, Tocotrinol, Lauric acid, Iodine value, Free fatty acid

Location: Sylhet

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Variety and Species

Commodity: Palm Oil

Objectives:

To evaluate the oil yield (%), physicochemical properties, and fatty acid composition of the oil extracted from three different sizes of palm kernel.

Methodology:

Seed collection and oil extraction- Ripe and fresh oil palm fruits were collected from Sylhet (Department of forestry), Bangladesh. Seeds were cleaned, shorted out from rotten & spoiled seeds, and boiled with water at 100°C for 20-30 min in 3Kg/cm² pressure to soften the flesh. Separated the seeds from flesh manually and dried in the sun. Dried seeds were divided into three different categories as large (>10 mm), medium (7-10 mm), and small (<7 mm) and decorticated the kernels from the hard coat by using an iron mortar and ground into a coarse powder (mesh size 120 µm) and again dried up to the moisture 7%, an ideal moisture content (Ibrahim 2013). The powders of three different kernel sizes were taken in a soxhlet separately for extraction of oil. n-Hexane (40-60°C bp) was used as extracting solvent. Extraction was continued for 6 hrs. Oil was separated from solvent by a rotary vacuum evaporator. Semi-solid white oil was thus obtained and taken in three different beakers namely SPKO, MPKO, and LPKO. Analysis of Physicochemical properties- Yield (%) of extracted oil was determined by a conventional method. Refractive index and moisture at 38°C were determined by IUPAC (1979) method. Saponification value, unsaponifiable matter, peroxide value, and free fatty acid (%) of the oil were determined by the standard AOAC method (1995). Iodine value was determined by Hanus method. Separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids present in the oil- Separation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was carried out by lead-salt ether method (Das 1989) on about 50gm of oil. The oil was saponified with alcoholic caustic soda to obtain a soap solution. A slight excess of lead acetate solution was added to the soap solution to form lead salts of fatty acids which were then separated. Ether was added to the mixture of lead salts and the whole mixture was boiled and then cooled at 0°C for 24 hr. The precipitated lead salts of saturated fatty acids were collected by filtration. The lead salts of the unsaturated fatty acids were obtained by removing the ether from the ethereal solution. Each group of lead salt was suspended in water and treated with sufficient hydrochloric acid from fatty acids and lead chlorides. On evaporating the ether, the fatty acids were obtained in separated groups. Finally, masses of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were obtained by weighing them separately. Fatty acid composition- Preparation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs): 200 mg (2-3 drops) of sample (Oil/Fat) was taken in a 10 mL Pyrex test tube. Then 3.5 mL of 0.5 M Sodium Methoxide was added to the test tube and heated test tube using burner before completing the bubbles. Thereafter, 1.5 mL Petroleum Ether was added to the mixture and shaken vigorously. Then around 5 mL of deionized water was added to test tube slowly and wait for settle down the layer. The upper layer was taken into the GC vial for GC-MS analysis. GC-MS Analysis: The gas chromatographic analysis of the oils were performed on SHIMADZU GC-2010 Plus equipped with auto-sampler (AOC- 20s) and auto-injector (AOC-20i) using SH Rxi 5MS Sill column (30m×0.25mm×0.25 µm). The carrier gas used was helium at 2.00 mL/min flow pressure; oven temperature was programmed from 140.⁰C (hold time 10.00 min) and raised at 7⁰C/min to a final temperature of 250.^0°C (hold time 10.00 min). The injector temperature was 250.^0°C and the injection volume was 1.0 µL at 75:1 split ratio (injection mode was Split). Solvent cut time was 3.40 min and the total run time was 35.71 min. The detector used was SHIMADZU GCMS-QP-2020 and the detector temperature was 255.0^°C. Determination of tocopherols and tocotrionols- Two grams of each sample (SPKO, MPKO and LPKO) were dissolved in 10 mL of hexane, 20 ????L of the mixture of each sample injected into an HPLC system one by one. The flow rate of mobile phase 0.5% 2- propanol/hexane was set at 1mL/min. The peaks of tocopherols and tocotrienols were determined based on the retention time of standards followed by AOCS method (1993).

Source of Information: Int. J. Sustain. Crop Prod. 16(1): 18-23 (February 2021)

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Achievement/Findings:

The study concludes that crude palm kernel oil extracted from small kernels has a higher iodine value (IV) than large kernels which is an important parameter to obtain desired quality oil which may be used in cooking or manufacturing cosmetics and other industrial products. All the sizes are riched in lauric acid and their saponification values are also high. So it may also be concluded that the oil extracted from kernels of all sizes grown in Bangladesh are suitable for use in the formulation of both food and non-food products for its higher shelf life. But considering the degree of unsaturation, the small palm kernel oil is more suitable for preparing bakery and confectionery food products which may be a good substitute for butter (a hydrogenated trans fat).

Knowledge Management: Journal