2.1. Electric Vehicle in Bangladesh Electric Vehicles are now running almost all corners of Bangladesh. There are three types of EVs used in Bangladesh: the Easy Bike carries five passengers, the auto-rickshaw carries two passengers and the electric motorcycle carries two passengers. These EVs can travel for distances ranging from 70–120 km and the energy required per day is about 8–11 kWh. All of these vehicles are charged from the utility grid as a residential consumer. However, the EV charging rate declared by the government is higher than the residential consumer and EV owner treated as a business consumer. Thus, the government is facing difficulties with earning profit from the power sector. Furthermore, lack of EV charging stations, as well as load shedding, are also issued for the EV industry in Bangladesh. Most recently, the solar energy-based EV charging stations are being built in different points of Bangladesh. However, these charging stations are operational only a few hours a day on average due to lack of effective solar irradiation. Therefore, the government needs a massive plan to establish new charging stations all over the country to reduce the pressure on the grid performance. To charge an EV fully from the grid-based charging station cost 120–150 BDT/day. For a km run, it needs approximately 0.11 kWh and costs BDT. 1.078.
2.2. Potential of Biogas Resources in Bangladesh Biogas is a source of energy that can be used for electricity generation, cooking, and other heating applications. Typically, it is a mixture of methane and carbon-di-oxide, produced by the breakdown of the organic wastes without oxygen. Biomass is also a resource of bio-energy which consists of wood, crop residues, foods, garbage, and landfill gas.
In Bangladesh, huge potential of biodegradable resources such as animal waste, food substrate, wood and paper, garbage are municipal solid wastes are treated as the primary sources of biogas.
2.2.1. Animal Waste Animal wastes can be used as a potential biomass resource. In Bangladesh, there are 150,000 poultry farms for chicken and duck. . The wastes produced from this livestock can be used to generate power.
2.2.2. Agriculture Residues Agriculture residues contribute largely to biomass generation. These residues are mainly rice husk, crops, sugarcane bagasse, forest residues, jute, and vegetables. Bangladesh is a major rice-producing country. Rice straw and rice husk are the main residues of rice. Depending on the residue collection period, the crop residues can be categorized as field residues and processed residues. The rice straw and rice husk residue recoverable rate is 35% and 100%, respectively. Sugarcane residue is one of the powerful resources of biomass. In Bangladesh, the volume of sugarcane cultivation reached about 4,434,070 metric tons. The tops and leaves, bagasse residues are used as biomass energy where recoverable residue rate for processed bagasse is 73.42%. Jute is another biomass source in which the recoverable rate is 37.12%. All of these agriculture residues can be a good source of biomass for power generation and also useful in heating applications.
2.2.3. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Waste disposal is an emerging problem in almost all of the urban areas. Rapid urbanization and industrialization increase the rate of waste disposal per day. Near about 4200 tons of MSW generates in Dhaka city in every day. The improper management of MSW creates a negative environmental impact, and it appears to be a growing concern at present. The proper management of these wastes can be a tremendous source of energy generation. The government and other stakeholders are thinking about this matter. Recently GIZ and the German development agency performed a detailed feasibility study in collaboration with the Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA) in Bangladesh to identify the prospects and potentials of MSW for generating electricity in Keraniganj, Dhaka. The experts recommended dry fermentation technology for the waste to energy project (WTE), Keraniganj. Depending on the suitable waste management, the expert advised to establish 4–5 MW power plants based on organic waste and industrial waste. Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) aim to establish 1 MW unit combined heat and power. Hence, for understanding the electricity generation potentials, it is advised to account for the per capita MSW generation. In Bangladesh, the estimated per capita MSW generation rate is approximately 0.5 kg.