Md. Morshedul Haque
Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
Nahin Mostofa Niloy
Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
Md Akhte Khirul
Training Institute for Chemical Industries (TICI), Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation (BCIC), Narsingdi, 1611, Banglades
Md. Ferdous Alam
Graduate School of Symbiotic System Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima, 960-1296, Japan and Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
Shafi M. Tareq
Hydrobiogeochemistry and Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
Heavy metals, Common vegetables, Estimated daily intake, EDI, Human health risks, Probabilistic health risk
Risk Management in Agriculture
Heavy metal, Vegetables, Arsenic
Study area: This study was carried out in industrial, non-industrial, Arseniccontaminated sites and a local wholesale vegetable market in Dhaka and Faridpur region. The vegetables were collected randomly from study regions based on their availability. The industrial site was nearby DhakaExport Processing Zone (DEPZ) which is situated under Dhamsana Union of Savar Upazila. This zone is an enormous industrial area encompassed a huge number of foreign and local industries. The major industries (textiles, leather, printing, and dyeing, fertilizer, pharmaceutical, etc.) that are produced and discharged their effluents mostly without any prior treatment. The contaminated water disperses through an open drain system, later on, the water is used for irrigational purposes in the adjacent areas. The non-industrial site was around Sutipara Union, Dhamrai Upazila, which is located about 50 km northwest of Dhaka City. The main profession of the study area's people is agriculture where maincrops are seasonal vegetables e.g., brinjal, carrot, amaranth, cabbage, etc. The agriculture of this area fully depends on rainwater and groundwater as well. We cannot found any industry around 10km from our sampling site during the sampling. Vegetable sampling: This study collected 10 vegetable species [Solanum melongena(Brin-jal), Spinacia oleracea(Spinach), Solanum tuberosum(Potato), Solanum Lycopersicum (Tomato), Amaranthus paniculantus (Red Amarnath), Amaranthus Viridis (Green Amarnath), Lagenaria siceraria(Bottle Gourd), Vignasesquipedalis (Yardlong bean), Cucurbita maxima(Pumpkin), Daucas car-ota (Carrot) from each site for analysis of heavy metals. The sample selection and periodization were done based on the food habit of the people of study areas. All samples were collected from a direct field and one of the local markets then carried with a zipper polyethylene bag to the laboratory. After collection, samples were cautiously rinsed with double-distilled water, cut into small pieces then put in an oven at 70–80ºC until a constant weight was obtained. The dried vegetables were crushed and pulverized with standard procedure and stored in a freezer until analysis was performed. Metal analysis: Analytical-grade chemicals were used for the analysis of samples where desired solution preparation was performed by Mili-Q water. In a brief, accurately weighted (~1 g) of ground samples were digested in a mixer of 15 mL concentrated nitric acid: sulphuric acid: perchloric acid in a 5:1:1 ratio at 80–85ºC until a clear solution was obtained. Then, the digested solutions were filtered by Whatman 42 paper after chilled at room temperature and diluted to 50 ml with Mili-Q water, and blank samples were also prepared in the same way. An Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS, model: Shimadzu AA-6800, Japan) was used for the determinations of heavy metal concentrations. All the experiments were performed in the Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (INST), Atomic energy research establishment (AERE) at Savar, Dhaka. The concentrations of selected heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn) in the vegetable samples were measured by AAS (AA-6800, Shimadzu Corpo-ration, Japan) under ideal analytical conditions.
Heliyon 7 (2021) e063092
Journal