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Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in Domestic Animal - Wildlife - Environmental Niche Via the Food Chain to Humans with a Bangladesh Perspective; a Systematic Review

Shahneaz Ali Khan
Corresponding author
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225 Chattogram, Bangladesh

Mohammed Ashif Imtiaz
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225 Chattogram, Bangladesh

Md. Abu Sayeed
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225 Chattogram, Bangladesh

Amir Hossan Shaikat
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225 Chattogram, Bangladesh

Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road,Khulshi, 4225 Chattogram, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern globally, but the impact is very deleterious in the context of Bangladesh. Recent review article on the AMR issue demonstrates the scenario in human medicine; unfortunately, no attempt was taken to address this as One Health issue. The antimicrobial resistance bacteria or genes are circulating in fragile ecosystems and disseminate into the human food chain through direct or indirect ways. In this systematic review we are exploring the mechanism or the process of development of resistance pathogen into human food chain via the domestic animal, wildlife and environmental sources in the context of One Health and future recommendation to mitigate this issue in Bangladesh. Results: Tetracycline resistance genes were presented in almost all sample sources in higher concentrations against enteric pathogen Escherichia coli. The second most significant antibiotics are amino-penicillin that showed resistant pattern across the different source of samples. It is a matter of concern that cephalosporin tends to acquire resistance in wildlife species that might be an indication of this antibiotic resistance gene or the pathogen been circulating in our surrounding environment though the mechanism is still unclear. Conclusions: Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. There is a need for detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ.

Keywords: AMR, Domestic animals, Wildlife, Insects, Environment, Food chain, Bangladesh

Location:

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Food Safety and Security

Commodity: Livestock and poultry, Nutrition

Objectives:

To generate references for future works and provide a recommendation to negotiate the AMR through implementing a One Health program.

Methodology:

Literature search strategy An organized literature search approach was used to detect all published studies reporting the prevalence of predominantly. E. coli and Salmonella spp., along with the use and resistance pattern of different antibiotics in Bangladesh. Google Scholar, Pub Med, Science direct and Bangladeshi online journal platforms, such as Bangladesh Journals Online (www.banglajol.info) were searched for relevant studies published between 2005 and 2019. Specific Boolean words were developed based on the objectives of the study, as presented. The search terms have been adopted into outcome, population, descriptive and area categories. The papers were downloaded using the CVASU library network. The Boolean words of each category were combined using “AND” whereas “OR” was used to join the term within a category. Some modification has been conducted based on the requirements of the search engines, and advanced search criteria has been used to search Google scholar. Data extraction and recording A pre-tested data extraction spreadsheet was developed to create the variable, in line with study objectives. Previous literature on systematic review and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the spreadsheet. Data was extracted and recorded for study location, citation, first author, title, time of study, year of publication, type of specimen, sample size, number of positive specimens, amount of antibiotics, specific antibiotic sensitivity or resistance level percentages, methods of detection used, culturing techniques and resistant genes. The recorded data was categorized into food, domestic, environmental, wildlife and insects based on the nature of the samples. Data Analysis All data was forwarded to STATA/IC-13.0 (Stata Corp, 4905 Lakeway Drive, College Station, Texas 77,845 USA) for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics was done to identify the numbers of articles along with the percentages (%) and 95% CI. Study variations among the study were evaluated using Chi-square (χ2 ) statistics followed by I2 statistics to determine the degree of heterogeneity in the study. Crude prevalence was estimated by dividing the positive number of samples by the total sample number. Standard Error (SE) was calculated using the standard formula for proportion calculation. A random-effect meta-analysis model was applied using ‘metan’ command specifying random due to the high degree of heterogeneity in the study (I2 > 75%). The output has been illustrated using a forest plot. The antibiotic-resistant percentage was calculated by using the number of samples tested which were resistant to specific antibiotics and contrasted with the total number of samples used for sensitivity testing. The result has been expressed as a percentage and illustrated in a proportionate bar diagram. As the antibiotics were grouped into their common genera some of the values are > 100% due to repeated estimation of antibiotics under each genera, as the previous literature did not state whether the samples were positive for more than one antibiotic or not.

Source of Information: BMC Veterinary Research (2020) 16:302

Article Link (Online Journal): https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02519-9

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Future research should focus the following issues to gain better understanding the emergence of AMR issue and the ways to combat this public health threats in Bangladesh and global context as well: 1 The fate of ARB in the environment and wildlife is still unclear. Could AMR bacteria and mobile genetic elements carrying the resistance genes further evolve after their transfer to the environment? There are knowledge gaps regarding the magnitude and dynamic nature of spread regarding ARB and of ARGs within and between different ecological niches on farms, which deserve to be considered when assessing the transmission of ABR along the food chain. 2 Does the population of non-human ARGs have any relationship with the resistance population of human antibiotics? More research focusing on the human-animal-environmental interface and using novel approaches is required to understand the role of wild animals in the transmission of ABR and to assess potential risks for public health. A large-scale study of the Chinese poultry production system revealed a high prevalence of NDM-beta-lactamase-producing bacteria co-harboring the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in poultry and also in insects and wild birds. This study pointed out that frequent dissemination of resistant isolates to the farm environment, is occurring and it highlighted the importance of wildlife in the further dissemination of high-risk bacteria that combine resistance to two groups of last-line antibiotics. 3 It is crucial to understand whether wild animals are just temporary carriers of the ARB or if the resistant bacteria obtained from the contaminated environment can be maintained in their gut for a long time, giving more opportunities for further transmission to other individuals in the population or through the environment to other species. 4 Steps to control antibiotic release and environmental disposal from all uses should be immediate and obligatory. 5 There is a need for a detailed system biology analysis of resistance development in-situ. 6 Metagenomic analysis of bacterial pathogens from diverse sources including hospitals, veterinary clinics, agricultural sites, live animal processing markets and wastewater plants, might underline the evolution of bacterial pathogens for integrin-mediated resistance gene transfer in resistance evolution. 7 Standardisation of the surveillance methodology is essential. Regular surveillance needs to be conducted throughout the country to keep track of the resistance patterns of the pathogens.

Knowledge Management: Journal