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Research Detail

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Muhammad Humayun Kabir•
Department of Agricultural Extension and Information System, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Ruslan Rainis
Department of Geography, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia

The common use of pesticide is a major challenge in trying to accomplish sustainable agriculture. Farming systems based on integrated pest management (IPM) technologies can reduce the use of pesticides to a great extent without causing harm to the yield. Therefore, Bangladesh, like many developing countries, launched IPM technologies to reduce the adverse effects of pesticides in social, economic and environmental aspects. This study made an attempt to analyze the level of IPM adoption and the intensity of IPM practices by vegetable farmers of Narsingdi district, Bangladesh. A total of 331 vegetable producers were sampled. The results revealed that less than one-third of the farmers (30 %) adopted IPM and they varied in terms of the number or type of practices. The use of logistic regression model in this study was to identify the significant factors of IPM adoption, explore several factors, including farmer field school, land ownership status, perception toward IPM, use of improved varieties and extension contact. Furthermore, the linear regression model showed that vegetable cultivation area, farmers’ age, household size, land ownership status and perception toward IPM are necessary in the adoption intensity of IPM practices. This study also made an attempt to clarify the role of these factors in the adoption behavior of IPM practices in vegetable farming. The findings could be used to formulate better policies toward increasing the adoption of this sustainable approach.

  Adoption, Integrated pest management, Sustainable agriculture, Logistic regression, Linear regression
  Narsingdi district of Bangladesh
  
  
  Pest Management
  IPM

The first objective of this study is to explore the factors that determine the adoption or non-adoption of IPM hereafter referred to as the adoption level of IPM. This study assumed that the growers who adopted IPM vary in terms of the number or type of practices. The second objective of the study was to identify the factors that explain the variation or intensity of IPM practices. The previous studies on this issue individually focused either on the adoption rate or the intensity of IPM. Furthermore, most of those studies were conducted on cotton, rice and groundnut, while IPM is more important for vegetables. Consequently, the current study that has focused on the adoption rate, intensity and vegetables has shown the importance of policy implication toward the increased adoption of this sustainable approach in Bangladesh and in other developing countries. 

2.1 Study area The study has been conducted in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. It is located at 235501200N, 904304800E in central Bangladesh and 50 km northeast from the capital city of Dhaka. Topographically, the district lies at an altitude of 3 masl (meter above sea level) with an annual average temperature of 36 C maximum, 12.7 C minimum and 2,376 mm of rainfall. It comprises a total area of 1,140.76 km2 of which the total and vegetable cultivated areas are 87,447 and 15,000 ha, respectively. Administratively, Narsingdi district belongs to six upazilas (sub-districts), 69 unions (collective forms of some villages) and 1,060 villages. According to a survey conducted in 2011, the total population of the district is 2,202,000 with a moderate literacy rate of 55 %. Agriculture is the main occupation of majority of the people (42.41%) followed by service, commerce, transport and others (DAO 2013). Narsingdi district is one of the most important regions in Bangladesh in vegetable production and pesticide application intensity. In Bangladesh, it is the area which is a hot spot for vegetable production, at the same time a hot spot for pesticide application as the vegetables receive the highest amount of pesticides per application and the highest application frequency (Ispahani Biotech 2010). Because of the positive correlation between vegetable production and pesticide application, the government started IPM dissemination activities in the area from the start. Eggplant, cucurbits, tomato, bean, okra, cabbage and cauliflower are the most cultivated vegetables. Irrespective of the type of vegetables, pest infestation is a common scenario. That is why the farmers are concerned about pest control. They manage pest by following a number of techniques such as biological control, manual cleaning, soil amendments, soil solarization, botanicals, pheromone traps and chemical pesticides.

2.2 Methods of data collection The study uses mainly primary data collected through a household survey. The survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire that comprised both open and close questions. 

The questionnaire was prepared and finalized through three consecutive stages. In the first stage, some social, economic, institutional and management characteristics of the vegetable growers and a list of vegetable IPM technologies were preliminary recorded from the literature review. In the second stage, an informal discussion was held with the personnel of the plant protection wing of the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) and the agriculture office in concern. In the third stage, a pilot survey was conducted with a few vegetable growers. The questionnaire contained two sections where some social, economic, institutional and management factors relating to the vegetable growers of the study area were present in the first section. The lists of IPM technologies suitable for vegetable cultivation that since exist in the study area are presented in the last section.

2.3 Determination of dependent variables There exist a number of IPM techniques in Bangladesh though all are not suitable for vegetable farming. All suitable vegetable IPM technologies, except for grafting, were practiced in the study area for a long time. The farmers who used at least one or more from these recommended practices, as well as pesticides, were considered as IPM adopters. By contrast, those who only used pesticides were considered as non-adopters. Alternatively, it can be said that the adopters used a combination of various methods, whereas the nonadopters used only chemical method. The method is similar to the method mentioned in the study conducted by Dasgupta et al. (2006) and Fernandez-Cornejo et al. (1994) who determined the adopters/non-adopters of IPM on the basis of some selected IPM technologies that were consistent with crops and exist in the study area for a long time. The rate or level of IPM adoption, which was calculated through distinguished adopters and nonadopters, was considered as a dependent variable. However, the farmers who were considered as IPM adopters were assumed to be of a variety according to the number or types of practices. This variation was also considered as another dependent variable. Therefore, the study relied on two dependent variables; the adoption rate of IPM and adoption intensity of IPM practices. The first dependent variable (adoption of IPM) was a binary variable and was coded as 1 for those who adopted at least one or more IPM practices and 0 for those who used pesticides only. On the other hand, to measure the second dependent variable (adoption intensity of IPM practices), the number of practices adopted by an individual was initially counted. Irrespective of the type of practice, a score of 1 was assigned to the practice adopted by the farmers. Then, all the scores were aggregated and divided by 6 (total number of practices) to obtain a composite index of the adoption intensity of IPM practices (Haque et al. 2010; Paudel and Thapa 2004). This index was considered as the second dependent variable.

  Environ Dev Sustain
  DOI 10.1007/s10668-014-9613-y
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

To reduce the frequent use of pesticides in Bangladesh agriculture, the government has made an effort to disseminate IPM technologies among vegetable growers since 1996. This study examined the adoption rate and the intensity of the use of IPM practices by vegetable growers. The survey of the study revealed that the adoption rate of IPM is 30 %. From the result, it can be said that majority of the farmers were still far behind the IPM adoption and this demands continuity of the IPM dissemination program. The study also discovered that the adoption of IPM is influenced by several factors, including the farmer field school training, land ownership status, perception toward IPM, use of improved varieties and extension contact. Farmers who had training facilities and frequent extension contact were more interested in adopting IPM. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that the initiatives to increase these facilities to cover a greater part of the farmers play an important role to increase the adoption of IPM. Besides, because of the time of farmer selection for training and extension contact, emphasis should be given to those who are tenant farmers, use local variety and belong to the unfavorable perception toward IPM. As the study revealed, the more the use of improved verities the more the probability of IPM adoption, it is then suggested that the farmers would be more interested in practicing IPM if initiatives like developing and supplying adequate improve varieties by the joint efforts of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporations (BADC), Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and NGOs are taken. To form favorable perception toward IPM, the extension agent, mass media and the NGOs personnel should highlight more, the advantages of IPM and also the harmful effects of the frequent use of pesticide.

The majority of the farmers who were adopters in the use of the number and type of practices used between two and three practices, which denotes a further improvement. Most of the farmers used manual cleaning, soil amendments and pheromone traps as these practices were simple to use and the components for using these techniques were readily available. By contrast, the users of botanicals, biological control and soil solarization were comparatively fewer. The linear regression model showed that vegetable cultivation area, age, household size, land ownership status and perception toward IPM significantly influenced the adoption variation. So, to increase the intense use of IPM practices, more institutional support should be provided to the farmers who cultivate vegetables in a comparatively less area, aged farmers, tenants and large family owners. Also, technical and logistic support should be increased in the use of botanicals, biological control and soil solarization techniques.

This study analyzed the IPM disseminating program in terms of adoption as the efforts of a diffusion program is meaningless if a significant percentage of farmers are not willing to adopt. The study determined the current rate of IPM adoption and the intensity of IPM practices by the farmers. The study also revealed that the adoption rate and the intensity of IPM are influenced by several socio-economic, institutional and management factors that reinforced Roger’s adoption theory as well as empirical studies. The findings may contribute to developing better policy toward an increase in the adoption of IPM technologies, particularly for Bangladesh and generally for developing countries.

  Journal
  


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