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A Systematic Review of Pre-clinical and Clinical Research Reports on Small Ruminants Published During the Last Six Decades in the Then East Pakistan and in Bangladesh

M. A. Samad*
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Background: A dozen of veterinary academic institutions offer degree courses with pre-clinical and clinical studies and conduct research works but their activities are not coordinated and unified in Bangladesh. An attempt has been made to review the pre-clinical and clinical research reports in small ruminants which would help the concerned academicians, research scientists and research funded organizations to update their knowledge of specialization and use this reference as a starting point for formulation of the future academic and research guidelines. Objectives: The main objectives are to provide an integrated, systematic overview of all the available published research reports on the pre-clinical and clinical aspects of small ruminants to update knowledge and to identify research insights, existing gaps and future research directions. Materials and Methods: The available research reports on pre-clinical and clinical aspects of small ruminants published mainly in journals during the last six decades in Bangladesh from 1966 to 2019 were reviewed. Data obtained were analyzed statistically based on pre-clinical and clinical subjects, host species, age, breeds, clinical prevalence and decade-wise to assess the rate of publication. Results: Of the 665 selected articles, 621 research papers published on small ruminants during the last six decades from Bangladesh were systematically reviewed, of which 340 (54.75%) articles reported as preclinical and 281 (45.25%) on clinical aspects with significantly higher rates in goats (n = 486; 78.26%) than sheep (n = 135; 21.74%). Out of 126 recorded clinical diseases and disorders in small ruminants, 125 (99.21%) reported in goats and 44 (34.92%) in sheep, with 43 (34.13%) common in both goats and sheep but only pregnancy toxaemia (0.79%) reported in sheep. The influence of age and breeds on the prevalence of clinical diseases and disorders associated with their morbidity and mortality are described and discussed. Conclusions: This unified review article would serve as a guide for the veterinary medical academicians, research scientists and organizations for future studies and research directions. The disease profiles and their morbidity and mortality status in small ruminants might help the practicing veterinarians, government, human health care providers and neighboring countries who may need to take action.

Keywords: Pre-clinical, Clinical, Small ruminants, Goats, Sheep, Decades, Clinical diseases and disorders, Mortality, Case fatality, Plagiarism

Location: In Bangladesh

Start Date: 00-00-1966

End Date: 00-00-2019

Program Area: Socio-economic and Policy

Commodity: Livestock and poultry

Objectives:

An overview of livestock research reports published during the twentieth century14 and a 50-year review on the prevalence of clinical diseases and disorders in cattle of Bangladesh15 have been reported but no attempts have yet been made to systematically unify and update the research reports published on goats and sheep based on pre-clinical and clinical aspects from Bangladesh. Therefore, an attempt was made to review all the available published reports on small ruminants in Bangladesh to provide the existing status and show the deficiencies on pre-clinical and clinical research to provide motivation for specific and appropriate future research works.

Methodology:

The research reports on pre-clinical and clinical aspects of sheep and goats published mainly in journals during the last six decades from 1966 to 2019 from Bangladesh were reviewed and analyzed. Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Bangladesh Journal-online (BJO) and directory of open access journals were searched using relevant keywords to identify articles. However, the BJO website has established in 2007 and accordingly the journals and their published articles are uploaded on their webpages from 2008 without any archive of the articles published before 2008. Different libraries searched results reveals that the related journals in which articles on different aspects of livestock have been published before the year 2008 from the then East Pakistan and Bangladesh are mostly somehow displaced and lost in antiquity. Accordingly, articles that were published from 19666 to 2007 were reviewed from the BAU central library, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Faculty of Animal Husbandry libraries, personal collection sources, different journal editorial offices and even request to the authors during the two years period from 2018 to 2019. Data obtained from the different reports were statistically analyzed by using Chi-square test for significance (SPSS version 17.0)

Source of Information: J. Vet. Med. OH Res. (2019). 1(2): 111-183

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.36111/jvmohr.2019.1(2).0010

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

There are four key findings recorded in this review on the pre-clinical and clinical research in small ruminants in Bangladesh. Firstly, a significant gap of research reports between sheep and goats and more especially no research reports could be traced on histological studies in sheep. Secondly, some studies had lack of population, duration of study, age-wise classification of animals based on different length of age and even same data and articles published in two different journals. Thirdly, epidemiological methods not accurately followed for calculation of morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates. Finally, most of the clinical diseases and disorders diagnosed based on history and clinical findings. Therefore, there is a need for the development of disease diagnostic laboratories with necessary facilities and development of feedback mechanisms for accurate surveillance studies to control the diseases. This report on pre-clinical and clinical research including disease profile in small ruminants might help the veterinary academicians, research scientists, farmers, veterinarians, government, research funding organizations, livestock planner, human health care providers and neighboring countries that may need to take action. To recommend the priority-based disease status to draw notice for the Veterinary medical physicians, concerned organization and government to create accurate diagnostic and therapeutic facilities and provision for adequate effective vaccines for the preventive and control of these infectious diseases in Bangladesh. According to the economic impact, the small ruminants are going to be a more important source of livelihood for many more rural people in coming years and thus, they deserve greater attention from government and veterinary medical academic and research institutions to upgrade and unified veterinary medical education with small ruminant courses in the veterinary medicine curriculum and specific emphasis on pre-clinical and clinical research on small ruminants. Therefore, it is high time to consider and pay attention to the value and capacity of small ruminants especially in goats for their optimum safe meat and milk for human consumption.

Knowledge Management: Journal