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Research Detail

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Joyanta Bir*
Fisheries and Marine Resources Technology Discipline, School of Life Science, Khulna University, Khulna-9208

Md Rony Golder
Fisheries and Marine Resources Technology Discipline, School of Life Science, Khulna University, Khulna-9208

Blue Economy more precisely "ocean-based economies" is now being considered as an auspicious sector in Bangladesh which refers to the proper utilizations of oceanic resources for sustainable economic growth of a region or country. The current review paper has focused on the development of ocean economy by means of enhancing social inclusion, environmental sustainability and innovative, dynamic business models. Bangladesh has been blessed with 710 km long coastlines with 200 nautical miles of resourceful Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the Bay of Bengal, creating huge opportunities to bring out a sustainable output through the utilization and optimization of ocean-based resources. Because of being large delta in the world, Bangladesh is enriched with enormous range of marine biodiversity including fishes, shrimps, mollusks, crabs, mammals, seaweeds and creation of employment opportunities. Blue Economy has also opened a new window of opportunities including commerce and trades, tourism, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, use of deep sea port, foreign trade and so forth. But we have some challenges to the perspective of Blue Economy such as frequent floods, marine pollution including Ocean acidification and blue carbon, lack of trained personnel, harmonizing sectoral policies, plans and laws, poor ocean governance and political support etc. Some potential solutions need to be adopted by collaborating with different sectors for the development of Blue Economy in Bangladesh. 

  Blue economy, Fishes, Tourism, Opportunities
  In Bangladesh
  
  
  Socio-economic and Policy
  Socioeconomic

The livelihood of 8% world's population is directly or indirectly supported by marine fisheries sectors and it also contributes 230 billion USD to the global economy (Sumaila et al., 2011). About 80% of global trade's transportation i.e. goods are transported by sea routes depend on the oceans (Corbett and Winebrake, 2017). Global marine and coastal tourism also contribute about 161 billion USD annually (FAO, 2016).

Potential opportunities of Blue economy of Bangladesh The coastal areas and the Bay of Bengal are the heart of blue economy in Bangladesh. Most of theocean economic activities including marine fishing, tourism, research based on the Bay of Bengal consequently change the livelihoods and social status of millions of people inhabiting across the coastal areas. There are several sectors of the blue economy that offer potentials for development to achieve food security and economic development objectives. The potential highlighted sectors for the development of ocean economics in Bangladesh including Fisheries, Marine Biotechnology, marine tourism, marine commerce, shipping and navigations, salt productions, oil and gas mining, bio fueling, and extraction of ocean energy. It has been observed that different economic sectors contributed to the blue economy of Bangladesh with increasing trend.

Potentialities of fisheries and coastal Aquaculture Global food security is very closely related to the sustainable use of marine biodiversity particularly to the exploitation of wild fisheries. One billion people in developing countries depend on seafood for their primary source of protein. The most important areas of the national economy of Bangladesh are the Bay of Bengal and adjacent coastal areas which are enriched with very wide ranges of diverse flora and fauna including fishes, shrimps, mollusks, crabs, mammals, seaweeds etc. The current total fish production is 3.68 million tons, contributing to the 3.69% GDP. The capture fishery contributes to 1.0 million tons (28%), aquaculture 2.2 million tons (56%) and marine fisheries 0.6 million tons (16%) of total fish production (Shamsuzzaman et al., 2020). The single fish species, Tenualosa ilisha, accounts nearly about 42% of total marine catches and 10.5% of the total fish production of the country (Asaduzzaman et al., 2020). In fact, marine aquaculture is mainly based extensively with tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) culture (Chowdhury et al., 2019) and at a limited scale with soft cover crab (Scylla serrata) culture and major export is being presently dominated by frozen shrimp and live mud crab and contribution of fin fishes as export items are scanty (Rouf et al., 2016, Sarwer et al., 2017, Bir et al., 2020). In the year 2015, total mollusk fish and fin fish exported from Bangladesh about US$ 582 million (DoF, 2016).

Capture and culture fisheries in Bangladesh Fisheries sectors including culture and capture fisheries greatly contribute the economic development of Bangladesh. Artisanal small-scale fishery contributes 0.51 million tones (86.8%) of the total marine catch (DoF, 2016) including gill nets, set bag net, seine net, push net, hook and line, trammel net etc. are mostly used for fishing within 10-30 meters water depth where trawl fishery contributes only 0.084 million tones which is 14.2% of total marine production (DoF, 2016). Large trawlers are used for mostly penaeid shrimps and finfish fishing within the depth of 40- 100 meters (Hussain et al, 2017, Rahman, 2017). In case of marine capture fisheries, still depending on traditional fishing practices beyond the standing fishing grounds within 200 nm of EEZ (Shamsuzzaman et al., 2020). Another important task is the rehabilitation of hilsa fishery. At present 50-60% of global hilsa catch takes place in the coastal and marine waters of Bangladesh, 20-25% in Myanmar, 15-20% in India and the remaining 5- 10% in other countries (Hossain et al., 2014, Asaduzzaman et al., 2020). Hilsa is a transboundary species of Bay of Bengal and Bangladesh, India and Myanmar might be effective to prevent the harvest of hilsa juveniles (Asaduzzaman et al., 2020). The government of Bangladesh has already taken initiatives to protect the mature brood stock during the banning period and being successful in this issue. Similarly, some regulation measure can be addressed on indiscriminate harvesting of mature mother shrimp, P. monodon by trawling at the depth of 10-40 meters of inshore marine waters and it will certainly conserve the tiger shrimp brood stocks. 

Culture of nontraditional fauna There are also many existing opportunities for mariculture of some nontraditional species. These nontraditional species include not only seaweeds but also some other macroalgae, mussels, oysters and other mollusk like edible oysters, Crassostrea sp., Saccostrea sp., pearl oyster, Anadrasp., green mussel, Pernaviridis, clam, Meretrix meretrix, Marcia opima, sea snails etc. Lesson, for adopting innovative technologies, can be learned from the other countries to initiate mariculture of above-mentioned species and also for sea urchin, sea cucumber, etc. 

Production of rock and sea salt Bangladesh has huge opportunities of sea salt production because of huge coastal area with the favorable environment. Salt production in Bangladesh has been traditionally practiced mostly onshore areas like Chakaria, Cox's Bazar, Bashkhali, Technaf, etc. In spite of having enormous potentiality, still most of the salt farm remain in small scale just conventionally the farmers lease the landfrom landowners and captive the seawater with a fence (Hossain et al., 2006). There for the production and quality of salt not enough satisfactory level. Here in Bangladesh average crude salt production is about 7000-10,000 kg/ha (Alam, 2014). Moreover, salt industry is tremendously affected by sea level rise, degradation of coastal areas and ocean pollutions thus reduces the rate of salt production. Recently, some advanced countries in Europe and North America are using modern techniques and collecting and refining common salt by mining. If we can introduce these technologies, salt productions will increase and might be a good renewable resource in Bangladesh. 

  International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2020, 7(4): 21-29
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

The Bay of Bengal and the coastal regions provide the backbone of huge resources and opened a new economic frontier for Bangladesh. There are several sectors of the blue economy that offer potential for development to achieve food security and economic development objectives. It can be concluded at this moment that Bangladesh needs to create more awareness towards utilizing maritime resources and bring about socio-economic changes in the lives of people of Bangladesh. The blue economy can be one of the best possible solutions for Bangladesh to achieve sustainable economic growth. In this study we tried to describe the present situation of blue economy of Bangladesh. From the analysis we found that sea production and aquaculture is increasing that is a good sign. But our blue sector is damaged by frequent floods. We have no well-trained, skilled and educated human resources in different marine industries. The government should take future policy-framework for the success of the Blue Economy. This framework may focus on structural collaboration; translating research in products, holistic approach to the Blue Economy; and also motivating and training young generation.

  Journal
  


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