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Research Detail

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M.J. Alam
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

K.S. Ahmed
Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

Maize (Zea mays) has emerged as the most important cereal crop after rice in Bangladesh. During storage, maize grains are severely destroyed by insect pests. The main reason behind this is farmers’ lack of adequate knowledge and/or inaccessibility to improve post-harvest technologies. A survey was conducted to identify post-harvest-related problems and losses of maize at farm level through a survey of the farmers of the research area (Rangpur, Bogura & Kushtia districts) in Bangladesh during July 2017 to December 2017. Another, laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the abundance of insect pests of collected sample, and also conducted to IPM practices for reducing post-harvest pests of stored maize at the laboratory of Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in the same period. 20 farmers were involved from each area i.e. a total of 60 maize grown farmers have participated in this study, and samples were collected from them. Six different types of containers viz. Earthen pot, Gunny bag, Doll (made from bamboo), Plastic bag, Plastic pot and Tin kauta (made from steel); five botanicals viz. leaf of A. indica & P. hyddropiper, seed of S. mahogani, clove of A. sativum and seed of A. polystachya and four bio-rationales viz. Spinosad@ 0.4 ml/1L, Abamentin@2.0 ml/1L, Lufeneuron@1.0 ml/1L, Emamectinbenzoate@1.0 g/1L were used as a treatment for laboratory experiments. All experiments were laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. From survey results, most of the farmers (85.5%) identified pests to be main problem during maize cultivation. About 60 % of farmers were faced with stored-related problems. Among these problems, about 34% of farmers were faced on only stored problems. On the base of an abundance of insect infestation, Rangpur district (41%) was the major insect-infested area in Bangladesh whereas Kushtia (32%)and Bogura (27%), respectively. On the other hand, maize weevil, S. zeamais (43%) was the most common and destructive insect during storage period. Among five botanicals, the lowest infestation percentage of seeds (19.0%) & the lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(10.0%) and the highest germination percentage (72.23%) were found in A. indica than others. In the case of bio-rationales, the lowest infestation percentage of seeds (10.33%)&lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(14.0%), and the highest germination percentage (87.35%) were observed in Spinosad than abamectin, Lufeneuron and Emamectin benzoate. Six different types of containers, the lowest percentage infestation of seeds (37.9%), infection(0.99%) and lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(25.17%) were recorded in Earthen pot except for Tin kauta and plastic pot. In case of Tin kauta and Plastic pot, the percentage of infection (93.37% & 91.17%) was high but the percentage of infestation of seeds was low due to damage of mold and fungus. In this why, Tin kauta and plastic pot were gained weight more. The highest germination percentage (62.0%) was recorded in Earthen pot followed by 49.0%, 42.34%, 34.58%, and 9.30% in Gunny bag, Doll, Plastic bag and control treatment, respectively. However further research are needed to find out the effect of toxicity level of grains, to fix the standard dose of botanicals & bio-rationales and long term effect in large stores of farmers conditions.

  Food Security, Bangladesh, Post-harvest Losses. Maize. Pest Management, Stored Condition
  The three major maize grown areas of Bangladesh viz Rangpur, Bogura and Kushtia and IPM Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh
  00-07-2017
  00-12-2017
  Food Safety and Security
  Maize, Insects

Maize (Zea mays) has emerged as the most important cereal crop after rice in Bangladesh. During storage, maize grains are severely destroyed by insect pests. The main reason behind this is farmers’ lack of adequate knowledge and/or inaccessibility to improve post-harvest technologies. A survey was conducted to identify post-harvest-related problems and losses of maize at farm level through survey of the farmers of the research area (Rangpur, Bogura & Kushtia districts) in Bangladesh during July, 2017 to December, 2017. Another, a laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the abundance of insect pest of collected sample, and also conducted toIPM practices for reducing post-harvest pests of stored maize at the laboratory of Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in the same period. 20 farmers were involved from each area i.e. a total of 60 maize grown farmers have participated in this study, and samples were collected from them. Six different types of containers viz. Earthen pot, Gunny bag, Doll (made from bamboo), Plastic bag, Plastic pot and Tin kauta (made from steel); five botanicals viz. leaf of A. indica & P. hyddropiper, seed of S. mahogani, clove of A. sativum and seed of A. polystachya and four bio-rationales viz. Spinosad@ 0.4 ml/1L, Abamentin@2.0 ml/1L, Lufeneuron@1.0 ml/1L, Emamectinbenzoate@1.0 g/1L were used as a treatment for laboratory experiments. All experiments were laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. From survey results, most of the farmers (85.5%) identified pests to be main problem during maize cultivation. About 60 % of farmers were faced on a stored-related problems. Among these problems, about 34% of farmers were faced on only stored problems. On the basis of an abundance of insect infestation, Rangpur district (41%) was the major insect-infested area in Bangladesh whereas Kushtia (32%)and Bogura (27%), respectively. On the other hand, maize weevil, S. zeamais (43%) was the most common and destructive insect during storage period. Among five botanicals, the lowest infestation percentage of seeds (19.0%) & the lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(10.0%) and the highest germination percentage (72.23%) were found in A. indica than others. In case of bio-rationales, the lowest infestation percentage of seeds (10.33%)&lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(14.0%)and the highest germination percentage (87.35%) were observed in Spinosad than abamectin, Lufeneuron and Emamectin benzoate. Six different types of containers, the lowest percentage infestation of seeds (37.9%), infection(0.99%) and lowest percentage loss in weight of grains(25.17%) were recorded in Earthen pot except for Tin kauta and plastic pot. In case of Tin kauta and Plastic pot, the percentage of infection (93.37% & 91.17%) was high but the percentage of infestation of seeds was low due to damage of mold and fungus. In this way, Tin kauta and plastic pot were gained weight more. The highest germination percentage (62.0%) was recorded in Earthen pot followed by 49.0%, 42.34%, 34.58%, and 9.30% in Gunny bag, Doll, Plastic bag and control treatment, respectively. However further research are needed to find out the effect of toxicity level of grains, to fix the standard dose of botanicals & bio-rationales and long term effect in large stores of farmers conditions.

Description of the survey area and collection procedures of samples & data The study was carried out in the three major maize grown area of Bangladesh viz Rangpur, Bogura and Kushtia during July, 2017 to December, 2017. To find out the post-harvest problems of maize cultivation, 20 farmer’s opinions were collected from each survey area through a well-structured questionnaire and also to find out on-farm post-harvest losses of maize in the research area, 1kg of maize was collected from 20 farmers of each selected area for the abundance of insect pest and their infestation. The samples of grains were obtained from as many different parts of the various storage facilities as possible (top, sides, centre, & bottom). Each sample was put in a paper bag and labeled with the necessary information for further inspection in a laboratory as per the methods used by Firidissa (1999). After the collection of samples, grains were sieved over a 2mm mesh sieve (Abraham, 1995) according to each sample of survey areas. Insects were removed, counted and grouped to order & family, and were preserved dry as pinned collections or in 75% ethanol for identification. Identification was made using a combination of insect identification keys, books, journals, handbooks, pictures, booklets, and comparisons with already identified specimens in the laboratory. Again, it was identified and confirmed with the help of specialized persons of the Department of Entomology, BAU, Mymensingh. Then, the rate of insect infestation was recorded from each sample of the selected areas.  

Experimental Site, period and design The experiments were conducted in IPM Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh during July, 2017 to December, 2017. The experiments were laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. The experimental site is located at 24.75° N latitude and 90.5°E longitude at a mean elevation of 7.9 to 9.1 m above the sea level. It is situated under a sub-tropical climate, which is characterized by high temperature, high humidity and heavy precipitation with occasional gusty winds from April to September and scanty rainfall associated with moderately low temperature and humidity from October to March.

Maize grain, different types of containers, botanicals and bio-rationales used for the experiment Clean and well sieve size grain of variety BARI Hybrid Butta09 was used, which was obtained from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Bangladesh. The grains were cleaned of broken kernels and debris by hand and by using a 4.76 mm round holed sieve. The grains were graded manually and almost larger grains were used in the study. Before the experiment, the seeds were dried in oven at 500C for two days and frozen at -60C for seven days to kill any live insects on and in it. Then, 1 kg larger grains were used in each replication for the purpose of the containers experiment and 100 g grains were used in each replication for botanicals & bio-rationales experiment. Six different types of containers viz. Earthen pot, Gunny bag, Doll (made from bamboo), Plastic bag, Plastic pot and Tin kauta (made from steel) were selected as storage containers which was kept free from insect pest and pathogens. Five different types of botanicals viz. leaf of Neem (Azadrachtaindica), leaf of Biskatiali (Persicariahyddropiper), the mature seed of Mahogani (Swieteniamahogani), a clove of garlic (Allium sativum) and the mature seed of Pithraj (Aphanamixispolystachya)were used as botanicals for controlling insect pests and infection. Four different kinds of bio-rationales viz. Spinosad, Abamectin, Emamectinbenzoate and Lufeneuron were used as rationales. 

  Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology 2350-0263; Volume 5, Issue 1; January-March, 2018 pp. 26-32 p-ISSN: 2350-0085; e-ISSN:
  
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

On the basis of survey results, most of the farmers (85.5%) identified pests to be main problem during maize cultivation whereas the main cause of post-harvest losses in survey areas was the problem of storage. About 60 % of farmers were faced on stored-related problems. Among stored-related problems, about 34% of farmers were faced on only store problems. The abundance of insect infestation in survey area, Rangpur (41%) was the major insect infestation area of Bangladesh whereas Kushtia (32%) and Bogura (27%), respectively. The sample related report revealed that maize weevil, S. zeamais (43%) was the most common and destructive insect during the storage period. Among five botanicals, the lowest infestation percentage of grains (19.0%) and the lowest percentage loss in weight of grains (10.0%) were found in A. indicathan others. That is why, the highest germination percentage (72.23%) was observed in same treatment. A similar type of result was found from bio-rationales insecticides. The lowest percentage infestation (10.33%) and lowest weight loss percentage of grains (14.00%) were observed in Spinosad than abamectin, Lufeneuron and Emamectin benzoate. So, the highest germination percentage (87.35%) was observed in same treatment. Maize seeds were stored in six types of containers for evaluating the efficacy under stored conditions in study period. Among the different containers, the lowest percentage infestation (37.9%), infection (0.99%), and the lowest percentage loss in weight of grains (25.17%) were recorded in Earthen pot except Tin kauta and plastic pot. In case of Tin kauta and Plastic pot, the percentage infestation was low and the percentage of infection of grain (93.37% & 91.17%) was so much high due to damage of mold and fungus. In this why, Tin kauta and plastic pot were gained weight more. The highest germination percentage (62.0%) was recorded in Earthen pot followed by 49.0%, 42.34%, 34.58%, and 9.30% in Gunny bag, Doll, Plastic bag and control treatment, respectively.  

Based on these results, it may be concluded that most of the maize grown farmers were faced with stored-related problems in the storage period. Insect pest-related problems were major problems. Among the pest infested, Maize weevil, S. zeamais is the most important pest. Rangpur was the highest insect infestation area within the three survey regions. Among botanicals and bio-rationales, A. Indica and Spinosad are the best for controlling insect infestation. Performance of different types of containers was evaluated that Earthen pot is the best one for storing maize seeds. However further research is needed to find out the effect of toxicity level of grains, to fix the standard dose of botanicals & bio-rationales and long term effect in large stores of farmers conditions.  

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