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The Past and Present Scenario of Avian Influenza and Its Control Strategy in Bangladesh: a Review

M. Giasuddin
Corresponding author:
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

M.Z. Ali
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

M.R. Karim
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

M.Z. Hassan
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

M. Hasan
National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

E. Islam
Research on FMD and PPR in Bangladesh, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka-1341, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Avian influenza virus (AIV) is a pandemic thread and this year 2018 is passing the century of Spanish flu (H1N1) of 1918 when the world approximately 50 million human deaths occurred worldwide. About 1.7 million peoples become died in over Asia from 1957 to till now by the name of Asian flu (H2N2) at 1957 and Hong Kong flu (H3N2) at 1968. In Bangladesh, since first identification of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) at 2007 poultry industry faces outbreaks at a significant level in every year although human infection is uncommon. The infections spreading among all major avian species like chicken, duck, turkey, quail. On the other hand it is reported that the infection is spreading among wild birds like house crow, migratory birds and wild animals also. During first isolation, the virus were in clade 2.2.2 but after several mutations over 11 years now it becomes under clade 2.3.2.1a and circulating in the environment. The government of Bangladesh decided to vaccinate against AIV in 2012 with two killed and one vector vaccine to combat the AIV that brings a satisfactory result. But from a couple of years again the incidence of AIV becomes very high and ongoing researches like sink surveillance shows 50-90% live bird markets of Dhaka and Chattagram districts are infected. To combat the AIV it is recommended that farms should have to ensure the good quality vaccine with good farm biosecurity practice along with conventional stamping out program.

Keywords: Avian influenza virus, Poultry, Vaccine, Infection

Location: In Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Animal Health and Management

Commodity: Poultry, Virus, Vaccine

Objectives:

To identify the past and present scenario of avian influenza and its control strategy in Bangladesh

Methodology:

Since 2007 there have been at least three separate introductions of H5N1 in Bangladesh. Clade 2.2.2 viruses were fast introduced and remain dominant up to 2010 (Biswas et al., 2008). Then it becomes more devastating at 2008 as clade 2.2.2.1. Introduction of two new clades 2.3.2.1and 2.3.4.2 along with 2.2.2 viruses found circulating in 2011 and 2012 but clade 2.3.4.2 were not found after 2012. From 2013 only 2.3.2.1a viruses remain in circulation by replacing two other clades of viruses (Biswas et al., 2018; Islam, 2018). In 2017 Government of Bangladesh reported to OIE about the emergence of novel H5N6 avian influenza in Bangladesh. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of the HA gene of H5N6 subtype belonged to clade 2.3.4.4 (Samad et al., 2019). Avian influenza outbreaks in Bangladesh are endemic in nature and have a distinct seasonal pattern, most of the outbreaks occurred in winter and spring. In 2005 Government has developed 1st National Plan document with the help of a National multi-sectoral planning team. This national plan was provided a strategic framework for coordinating activities within and between the various sectors and stakeholders for preparedness and response to avian and human pandemic influenza in Bangladesh. From the first outbreak, Bangladesh try to overcome the problem by following activities. a) Early diagnosis, reporting and rapid culling (Stamping out) b) Decontamination of affected farms and movement control c) Epidemiological surveillance d) Improvement of farm biosecurity On the incursion of HPAI in 2007, Bangladesh also adopted the policy of stamping out for the control of avian influenza. In case of infection in a commercial poultry farm all type birds, eggs and animal feed kept in the farm premises was destroyed and disposed of and in case of a backyard farm same type of animals and materials kept 500 meter around the infected premise was destroyed and disposed of following the SOP for stamping out procedure developed by Department of Livestock Services (DLS) (Biswas et al., 2008; 2nd AI National Plan, 2009). Quick detection and rapid response were emphasized, but delayed reporting happened in many outbreak cases. Reporting of clinical outbreaks of HPAI (H5N1) reduced in Bangladesh after vaccination started in early 2013. Low mortality due to avian influenza in vaccinated flocks is almost neglected. Surveillance in the live bird market indicates the presence of HPAI (H5N1) in poultry. Other subtypes including H9N2 found dominant in commercial poultry. Farmers are now demanding for H9N2 vaccine permeation.

Source of Information: Bang. J. Livs. Res. Special Vol. 21-25, 2018: P. 24-28, ISSN 1022-3851

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Avian influenza is endemic in Bangladesh and has a distinct seasonal pattern. From the experience of last few years it may be concluded that vaccination is not an alternative to biosecurity and conventional stamping out approach of avian influenza control. It could be an additional tool, only if it is used thoughtfully. Stamping out approach needs to be revised and a level of compensation also important for affected farmers.

Knowledge Management: Journal