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Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Local Seeded Banana Fruits

Preeti Jain*
Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka- 1229, Bangladesh.

Mahmood Hasan Bhuiyan
Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka- 1229, Bangladesh.

Khondker Rufaka Hossain
Department of Pharmacy, North South University, Dhaka- 1229, Bangladesh.

Sitesh C. Bachar
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of different parts of local seeded banana fruit were investigated in vitro. Dried peels, pulps and seeds of the fruit were extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antibacterial property of the extracts was evaluated against four Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria using disc diffusion technique. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of both pulp and peel exhibited antibacterial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 24 mm. On the other hand, only ethyl acetate extract of seeds showed antibacterial activity and the zone of inhibition ranged from 8.5 to 10 mm; interestingly, none of the hexane extracts of the three banana parts exhibited zone of inhibition. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content determination and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total phenolic content expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) was found to be highest in ethyl acetate extract of banana seed (19.46 mg GAE/g extract) followed by the same extract of banana pulp (15.78 mg GAE/g extract) and peel (11.23 mg GAE/g extract). High free radical scavenging activity was observed with ethyl acetate extracts of banana seed, peel and pulp with an ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC) value of 1238.33, 1011.43 and 588.03 mg AA/ 100 g extract, respectively.

Keywords: Seedy banana, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Phenolic content.

Location: In Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Banana, Diseases and insects

Objectives:

This fruit is traditionally used in diarrohea, dysentery, enteric infections and diabetes (Yusuf et al., 2009). The main objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of various extracts of peel, pulp and seed portions of local seeded banana fruit in vitro.

Methodology:

Sample collection Yellowish fruits of M. sapientum L. subsp. sylvestris (seedy banana) were collected from the local market at Dhaka, Bangladesh. Authentication was done at Bangladesh National Herbarium where voucher specimen (Accession No. 35349) was deposited. Extract preparation The fruits were washed thoroughly with water and various parts of the fruit (peel, pulp and seed) were separated carefully. Peel and pulp parts of the fruit were cut into small pieces and dried separately under shade for several days. In case of pulp, after several days of air drying at about 35°C, the sample was oven dried at 45°C to constant weight. Dried samples were then powdered using a laboratory scale mill and blender. Ground material (100 g) was extracted independently with 500 ml of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol at room temperature. Extraction was carried out for 7 days with occasional shaking. The resulting extracts were filtered using filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and each filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator (Eyela, Japan). All the extracts were kept in a desiccator at 4°C until use. Test organisms Four Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus and Sarcina lutea) and four Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella boydii and Vibrio mimicus) were used for the evaluation of antibacterial activity. The strains were maintained on agar slant at 4°C and activated at 37°C for 24 h on nutrient agar prior to any screening. Antibacterial assay Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by paper disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method (Lai et al., 2010). For all the bacterial strains, overnight cultures grown in broth were adjusted to an inoculum size of approximately 10 6 CFU/ml for inoculation of the agar plates. Using a sterile cotton swab, the nutrient broth cultures were swabbed on the surface of sterile nutrient agar plates and plates were allowed to dry for 5 min. Sterile filter paper discs (6 mm in diameter) impregnated with different test extracts (1 mg/disc) were then placed on the surface of seeded agar plate. The plates were then incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the zones of inhibition in millimeters. Commercially available kanamycin discs (30 µg/disc) were used as positive control while the discs prepared using the appropriate solvents only served as negative control.

Determination of MIC The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) considered as the lowest concentration of the sample which inhibits the visible growth of a microbe was determined by the broth dilution method. Various dilutions were prepared from the stock solution of crude extracts to give concentrations ranging from 10 to 0.5 mg/ml. Each tube was inoculated with an overnight culture of strains diluted to give a final concentration of 10 6 cells/ml. The culture tubes were then incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h and the MIC values were recorded as the lowest concentration that inhibits the visible bacterial growth (Murthy et al., 2006; Kuta, 2008). Determination of total phenolic content: Total phenolic content (TPC) in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure (Kahkonen et al., 1999). Briefly, 1.5 ml Folin–Ciocalteu’s reagent (diluted 1:10) and 1.2 ml 7.5% (w/v) Na2CO3 were added to 0.3 ml of the extracts and the mixtures were incubated for 1 h in dark at room temperature. This was followed by measuring the absorbance of the samples at 765 nm against blank. The total phenolic content was calculated from the calibration curve using gallic acid as a standard and the results were expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) in mg/g extract. 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay The free radical scavenging activity of different extracts of seedy banana fruit was measured in terms of hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability of the stable (DPPH) free radical (Braca et al., 2001). Briefly, 0.1 ml of plant extract at various concentrations was added to 3 ml of a 0.002% methanolic solution of DPPH. The reaction mixtures were incubated for 30 min at room temperature and the absorbance at 517 nm was read against a blank. Ascorbic acid was used as standard in the experiment and the scavenging ability was expressed as AEAC (ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity) value in mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalents per 100 g extract.

Source of Information: African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 5(11), pp. 1398-1403, 22 September, 2011

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: 10.5897/AJPP11.294

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Based on our results, it can be concluded that peels, pulps and seeds of local seedy banana fruits possess significant antibacterial and antioxidant activity. The results also suggest that parts of fruit like peels and seeds could serve as a potential sources of bioactive compounds and can be utilized effectively without being wasted. Further research is needed towards isolation and identification of active principles present in the extracts especially in the ethyl acetate extract which could possibly be exploited for pharmaceutical use.

Knowledge Management: Journal