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Variation of Chemical and Morphological Properties of Different Parts of Banana Plant (musa Paradisica) and Their Effects on Pulping

M. Mostafizur Rahman
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Tohirul Islam
Department of Chemistry, Dhaka College, National University, Dhaka Bangladesh

Jannatun Nayeem
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

M Sarwar Jahan*
Pulp and Paper Research Division, BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Dhaka-1205, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Chemical and morphological characterization of different parts of banana plant (Musa paradisica) (peduncle, leaf stalk and pseudo stem) were carried out in order to assess their potentiality for chemical pulp. Each portion was tested for extractives, sodium hydroxide solubility, ash, lignin, cellulose and pentosan contents as well as their fiber length and width. These segmented parts were characterized as low amount of lignin (12.8–16.1%) and moderate amount of αcellulose (31.6–43.3%) and relatively high amount of ash (7.6–19.1%), alkali solubility (32.4-51.4%) and water solubility. The morphological properties of the banana plant, in terms of fiber length and width were found to be a medium fiber with high slenderness ratio. Kraft process was applied for the three portions of banana plant to evaluate pulp properties. At the optimal pulping (Active alkali 22% for peduncle, 16% for leaf stalk and pseudo stem at 150 ^oC for 1 hour) pulp yields about 30.5–40.5% on oven dried (OD) raw material with kappa number from 16.9 to 26.1 were obtained when cooking was carried out for 1 hour. Mechanical properties of the unbleached pulp showed a high tensile, tear and burst index for pseudo stem.

Keywords: Banana plant (Musa paradisica), Chemical characteristics, Morphological characteristics, Pulping.

Location: In Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Chemical Analysis

Commodity: Banana

Objectives:

Certainly, the chemical and morphological properties of different parts of banana plant will vary. There are no results reported on the chemical, morphological properties of banana plant (M. paradisica) of Bangladesh and its pulping potential. This paper deals with the morphological and chemical properties of the three parts of M. paradisica plant as well as their kraft pulping optimization. Pulp was evaluated through tensile, tear and bursting strength testing and water freeness.

Methodology:

2.1. Raw material collection Mature banana (M. paradisica) plants were randomly selected and harvested from a banana plantation in Kustia, Bangladesh. The banana plant was separated into three different morphological regions; pseudo stem, peduncle and leaf stalk. The pseudo stems were manually separated from the body one by one and leaf stalks from leaf blades. The separated parts were the air dried for approximately four days in the sun. The air dried parts were chopped by hand to 2-3 cm in length for subsequent morphological and chemical analysis and digestion. For chemical analysis, the plant was grounded in Willey Mill and screened to 40/60 mesh. The portion passed through 40 mesh and retained in the 60 mesh was collected for subsequent chemical analysis.

2.2. Morphological and chemical analysis For the measurements of fiber length and width samples were macerated in a solution containing 1:1 HNO3 and KClO3 for 24 hours. A drop of macerated sample was deposited on a slide then dried to remove water. The slide was placed under an image analyzer, Labomed LX 400 equipped with software Digipro 4.0 for taking images to measure fiber length and width. Bulk density was measured using 50 ml picnometer. The chemical compositions of the three parts were determined according to the following TAPPI test methods: extractives (T204 om88), water solubility (T207 om99), and Klason lignin (T211 om83). Holocellulose samples were prepared by treating extractives-free meal with NaClO2 solution (Browining, 1967). The pH of the solution was maintained at 4 by adding CH3COOH-CH3COONa buffer and the α-cellulose content was determined by treating holocellulose with 17.5% NaOH (T203 om93). Ash content was determined at by muffle furnace at 525 0C according to T211 om93. The pentosans content was determined using the bromide/bromate method. Three replicates were carried out for each experiment.

2.3. Pulping Kraft pulping was carried out in an electrically heated, rotating digester. The capacity of the each digester was 5 liter. 250 g of oven dried material of three parts of banana plant was used for each cooking. Three replicates were carried out for each experiment. The pulping conditions were: - Active alkali was varied 12, 14, 16 and 18% for leafstalk and pseudo stem and 16, 18, 20 and 22% for peduncle. - Sulfidity : 28% - Material/liquor ratio : 1:6 - Temperature: 150^oC - Time at max temperature: 60 min The cooked pulp was disintegrated in a laboratory blender for 5 min and screened in a flat vibrate screener having slots varying from 0.15 to 0.02 mm. Those did not pass throw the screener were considered reject.

2.4. Papermaking properties For studying paper making properties of the banana pulp- optimum pulping conditions were selected as active alkali 16% for leafstalk and pseudo stem and 22% for peduncle. The pulps were beaten in a PFI mill to different revolution. Hand sheets 60 g/m2 were made from the beaten pulp in a Rapid Kothen sheet-making machine. Sheets were tested according to TAPPI standard methods- for tensile T494 om96, burst T403 om97, tear strength T414 om.

Source of Information: International Journal of Lignocellulosic Products (2014) 1(2):93-103

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The chemical and morphological composition, as well as paper making properties of pulp made from the three parts of M. paradisica of Bangladesh, has been evaluated in order to estimate its potential applications. The results of analyses showed a significant variability in chemical composition, morphological properties and their paper making properties. The high ash content in all portions of M. paradisica could make problematic for pulp processing. But considerable amount of α-cellulose content, low lignin content and high fiber length were the advantageous property for papermaking. All fraction of banana plant contained high amount of water and alkali soluble, which need to be elucidated. Moreover, there are need more research to find out better chemical processing and new applications for this non-wood renewable source.

Knowledge Management: Journal