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Utilization of Banana Pseudo-stem in Production of Mineral Sap Drinks, Flour and Liquid Detergent

Seefat Farzin
Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Fouzia Hasan Nowrin
Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Md. Mominur Rahman*
Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Banana pseudo-stem has an immense potential in food industry, mostly due to its high mineral content, availability, easy processability, low handling cost and medicinal value. This paper contains a proposal to use banana pseudo-stem from Musa sp. to produce mineral sap drinks, bakery ingredient and liquid laundry detergent. Physiochemical compositions and properties of extracted liquid, flour and ash from banana pseudo-stem were determined and the performances of finished products were evaluated. Parameters measured include minerals content (sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc, chromium, phosphorous), total solid, total dissolved solid, pH, starch, sugar, fat, carbohydrate, protein etc. Due to the presence of high amount of sodium, potassium and magnesium in the extracted liquid, it has comparable properties to be used as a sports drink. The flour from stem is a nutritious mixing ingredient with wheat flour in baking due to high dietary fiber content. Production of liquid detergent is profitable and less complicated than traditional processes due to easy processing of an alkaline solution. This study has shown significant progress towards the use banana pseudo-stem in food and detergent industry and paves a way to rethink other possibilities that can support a sustainable environmental alternative of commercial products.

Keywords: Banana Pseudo-Stem, Mineral Sap Drinks, Flour and Liquid Detergent

Location: Department of Chemical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Resource Development and Management

Commodity: Banana

Objectives:

The scope of the presented work is to check the physical and chemical composition of pseudo-stem sap, its core and ensure whether these could be used or not for human consumption and then finally assess the performance of the liquid detergent.

Methodology:

2.1 Banana Pseudo-Stem Mineral Sap Drink:: 2.1.1 Extraction: Banana stems were collected from two species, i.e., Musa sp. cv. Bichi and Musa sp. cv. Kacha. Approximately 6 feet long pseudo-stems were extracted from the banana trucks. After washing thoroughly with distilled water, each part was cut into four parts to discard the core. Extraction of sap was performed using a sugarcane juice extractor. The sap was filtered with double rings filter paper and stored at –4 ⁰C. 2.1.2 Proximate composition: Total solids, total dissolved solids, and ash content were determined by gravimetric analysis. pH was measured using a pH meter (Denver instrument, model-215). Protein, total carbohydrate and fat content were measured by Kjeldahl method, difference method (FAO, 1988) and cold extraction method, respectively. 2.1.3 Mineral analysis: Fe, Mn, PO4 3- and Zn concentrations were determined via UV Spectrophotometer (DR/4000) and Na, K concentrations were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS-6800). Hardness (Ca, Mg) of both samples was measured by titration-based method (Kindstedt, P. S. & Kosikowski, F. V. 1985). 2.1.4 Microbiological analysis: Necessary dilutions were made according to the Official Methods of Analyses of AOAC International (1995). For total count of mesophilic aerobic bacteria, incubation of 1.0 ml of the diluted solutions was done in 15-20 ml of Count Agar Standard from Oxoid in Petri dishes. After solidification, inversion of dishes and incubation at 35⁰C was done for 48 hours. For determining of total yeast and mold in liquid sample, incubation followed by plate count was done with 15-20 ml of Potato Dextrose Agar from Merck acidified with aqueous solution of 10% tartaric acid (pH 3.5). Petri plates were inverted and incubated at 25⁰C for 5 days (Speck, M. L., 1984). 2.2 Banana Pseudo-Stem Flour (BPF) 2.2.1 Preparation: Banana pseudo-stems cores were collected and cut into small pieces. The pieces were boiled for approximately 15 min for softening the texture and then dried. The dried stems were blended (Jaipan IS-4250). Powdered stems were sieved allowing passing through 0.5 mm size sifter (mesh no -270+325). The dried blended stems were then stored in an airtight plastic bottle in the refrigerator. 2.2.2 Proximate composition: Ash content was determined by gravimetric analysis. Total titratable acidity was measured by titrating a solution of BPF in water-ethanol mixture with dilute NaOH solution (Adelekan and Oyewole, 2010). Adelekan and Oyewole (2010) method was used for the determination of pH, with slight modification to accommodate laboratory resources. The pH value was determined by a pH meter (Denver instrument, model 215). Total soluble solid was determined with help of a refractometer. For determining calorific value, ASTM D 2015-96 method was used. Total starch content was determined according to the modified method of AOAC (Goni et al., 1997). Protein and total carbohydrate were measured through Kjeldhal method and difference method (FAO, 1988), respectively. 2.2.3 Mineral analysis: Fe, Mn, PO4 3- and Zn concentrations were determined via UV Spectrophotometer (DR/4000) and Na, K, Cr concentrations were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS-6800). Hardness (Ca, Mg) of both samples was measured by titration-based method (Kindstedt, P. S. & Kosikowski, F. V. 1985). 2.3 Banana Pseudo-Stem Liquid Detergent The waste barks from the same sample were used in liquid detergent production. The residues of banana pseudo-stem were sun-dried and burnt. The ash was mixed with tap water up to its highest pH 11.20. Then this raw mixture was filtered with double rings filter paper to obtain a liquid detergent solution.

Source of Information: Proceedings of the International Conference on Chemical Engineering 2014 ICChE2014, 29-30 December, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

It is now proved that essential minerals and enough medicinal properties are present in banana pseudostem sap to be used as mineral drinks with some addition of sugar and sodium. Combination of wheat flour with BPF can meet dietary requirements, especially because of the substantial content of essential minerals. The applications of the detergent by-product are mainly in removing emulsion wax, scuff marks, and heavy accumulations of dirt. The economical viability and low-foam properties are advantageous when compared to other commercial detergents. Banana pseudo-stem has proven itself to be an ideal example of utilization of waste agricultural resource to produce useful and valuable consumer products. The scope of this study was limited to three of them; however, there are tremendous possibilities of making other products that can substitute mineral and PVC products currently available in the market. The study on banana pseudo-stem should be extended further to reach out these numerous possibilities.

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