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Heavy Metal Concentration in Commonly Sold Stem Vegetables in Dhaka City Market and Probable Health Risk

Romana Sultana
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

AS Chamon
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

MN Mondol
Department of Soil, Water and Environment, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

The present study was carried out to assess the concentration of chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) in four stem vegetables such as Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), Garlic (Allium sativumL.) and Onion (Allium cepa L.) by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Average daily intake (ADI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were also estimated to assess the human health risks posed by heavy metals from the consumption of the studied vegetables. The studied stem vegetable samples were collected in four phases from Kawran Bazar fresh vegetable market of Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Mean concentrations of Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn in the studied stem vegetables ranged between 0.88 to 2.35, 0.08 to 0.15, 0 to 2.25, 0 to 3.30, 5.70 to 9.85, 18.83 to 40.67, 50.60 to 456.38 and 9.23 to 852.35 mg/kg of dry weight, respectively. The mean concentration of maximum permissible limit (MPL) exceeds in onion for Cr, in potato and onion for Pb and in ginger for Fe, Ni and Mn. Average daily intake was found to be lower than the maximum permitted tolerable daily intake in most cases except for Mn (26.475 mg/person/day) for consumption Ginger. Hazard quotient of Mn for dietary intake of Ginger (3.152) and hazard indices of Ginger (4.626), Garlic (1.183) and Onion (1.069) exceeded unity, signifying potential health risks from the dietary intake of these vegetables. This study suggests regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables to avoid potential health hazards on humans.

Keywords: Stem vegetables, Kawran Bazar market, Heavy Metal, Average daily intake, Hazard Quotient, Hazard index

Location: Kawran Bazar vegetable market, Dhaka.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Heavy metal, Vegetables

Objectives:

To determine the heavy metal concentrations in stem vegetables available in Dhaka city.

Methodology:

Study area: The present study was carried out by collecting samples from Kawran Bazar vegetable market, Dhaka. Kawran Bazar is the biggest wholesale market near the Farmgate area of Dhaka city. The vegetables in this market mainly come from Savar, Munshiganj, Narsingdi, Mymensingh, Kishoregonj, Rajshahi, Jessore, Kushtia, Bogra, Chittagong, etc. All kinds of vegetables, fish, rice and different commodities are supplied to the other fresh markets of Dhaka city from Kawran Bazar. Therefore, this study gave a representative result of vegetables found in other vegetable markets of Dhaka city. Sample collection: Four different native stem vegetable samples were collected in 4 phases with at least 14 days intervals for 2 months. In each sampling phase, fresh raw samples of the stem vegetables were randomly purchased and brought to the laboratory. Sample preparation and preservation: The collected vegetable samples were washed thoroughly with fresh tap water and rinsed three times with distilled water to remove surface pollutants and any items adhering to the surfaces. Samples were sliced into small pieces and open air-dried on paper for about 2 hours to eliminate excess moisture. The fresh weight of each sample was taken, then dried in an oven at 60-70° C for 72-96 hours depending on the sample size and reweighed to determine the dry weight. The dried vegetable samples were ground by means of a clean pestle and mortar and passed through a 0.2 mm sieve to obtain a homogenized sample. The powdered samples were then preserved in labeled clean dry polythene bags at ambient temperature before analysis. Digestion of the sample: One gram of the oven-dried sample was weighed into a 100 ml beaker, followed by the addition of 10 ml conc. HNO₃ and 2 ml conc. HClO₄. The digestion was carried out on a hot plate at 150-200°C. After digestion, the samples were cooled, filtered, made up to 100 ml in a volumetric flask and then preserved in a plastic bottle for analysis. Analysis of the samples: Concentration of heavy metals i.e. Chromium, Cadmium, Lead, Nickel, Copper, Zinc, Iron and Manganese in the extracts were analyzed by using a Varian AA 240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis: The results of the experiment were statistically evaluated by using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test in IBM SPSS statistics version 20(11). The letter was used for testing the significance of differences between mean values. The 0.05 level of probability was chosen for the statistical judgment.

Source of Information: Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 221-232, 2021 (July)

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v30i2.54648

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Environmentalists, administrators and public health workers should come forward to create public awareness to minimize environmental pollution and to avoid consumption of vegetables grown in a polluted environment, hence reducing health risks. Regular monitoring of heavy metals in vegetables and extensive research is also required to avoid extreme accrual in the food chain. Very few studies have been carried out to estimate the health hazard caused by the consumption of stem vegetables. Therefore, the finding of this study will significantly contribute to the field of food safety.

Knowledge Management: Journal