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Risk Areas for Influenza A(h5) Environmental Contamination in Live Bird Markets, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Shovon Chakma
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Muzaffar G. Osmani
Department of Livestock Services, Dhaka

Holy Akwar
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Zakiul Hasan
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Tanzinah Nasrin
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Md Rezaul Karim
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh

Mohammed Abdus Samad
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh

Mohammad Giasuddin
Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Bangladesh

Peter Sly
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Zahir Islam
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Nitish Chandra Debnath
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Eric Brum
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Ricardo Soares Magalhães
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

S. Chakma
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

We evaluated the presence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in live bird markets (LBMs) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. By using Bernoulli generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression models, we quantified LBM-level factors associated with market work zone–specific influenza A(H5) virus contamination patterns. Results showed higher environmental contamination in LBMs that have wholesale and retail operations compared with retail-only markets (relative risk 0.69, 95% 0.51–0.93; p = 0.012) and in March compared with January (relative risk 2.07, 95% CI 1.44–2.96; p<0.001). Influenza A(H5) environmental contamination remains a public health problem in most LBMs in Dhaka, which underscores the need to implement enhanced biosecurity interventions in LBMs in Bangladesh.

Keywords: Influenza, Environmental contamination, Markets in DNCC, Markets in DSCC, Market-level, LBMs

Location: Dhaka, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Risk Management in Agriculture

Commodity: Environmental Impact, Virus, Bird

Objectives:

To characterize the differences in the proportion of influenza A(H5) environmental contamination in markets in DNCC and DSCC, to identify and quantify market-level factors associated with the probability of influenza A(H5) contamination in specific work zones (i.e., arrival, slaughtering and processing, and consumer exposure or sales), and to identify and quantify market-level factors associated with work zone–specific contamination patterns within LBMs.

Methodology:

Study Design for Influenza A(H5) Virus Surveillance in LBMs in Dhaka Metropolitan: We focused our investigation on the Dhaka metropolitan area, which has the highest population density (30,551 residents/km²) of all metropolitan areas in Bangladesh (34). We selected 104 LBMs within metropolitan Dhaka, which were part of the influenza surveillance initiative of the FAO and Department of Livestock Services (DLS) (Appendix, https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/EID/ article/27/9/20-4447-App1.pdf). Sampling targeted the months of January–March, which are known for a higher level of circulation of the influenza A(H5) virus in poultry in Bangladesh (36). We used data on market-level characteristics collected during the Dhaka LBM census to quantify the association between influenza A(H5) environmental contamination in LBMs and within specific market work zones adjusted for market-level characteristics (Appendix). Three market work zones (poultry arrival, poultry slaughtering and processing, and consumer exposure or sales) and environmental sites in each work zone were selected for sampling on the basis of the findings from Indrani et al. (Appendix). Collection, Preservation, and Transportation of Environmental Samples: Sample collectors from DLS, DNCC, and DSCC performed monthly collection of environmental samples from the selected LBMs. In a given visit, a pool of 6 samples were collected from each work zone using standard polyester-tipped swabs and stored separately in a 3 mL viral transport medium (Becton Dickinson, https://www.bd.com). Pooled samples were kept in ice boxes and transported to the DLS Central Disease Investigation Laboratory and Livestock Research Institute laboratory for temporary storage at 4°C. All samples were then transported in iceboxes to the National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (Savar, Dhaka) and stored at −80°C before testing. Laboratory Testing: We tested for influenza A(H5) virus 18-swab pools from each selected market (i.e., 6 swabs/3 work zones) using real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR). When an 18-swab pool of a market-tested positive, further testing was carried out using rRTPCR to confirm influenza A(H5) virus in the 6-swab pool of a specific work zone. We used Mag-MAX viral RNA isolation kit and KingFisher mL Purification System extractor (ThermoFisher Scientific, https://www.thermofisher.com) for RNA extraction. Data Analyses: Our study included markets with information on both infection status and market-level characteristics (n = 97) and those with information on market-level infection status only (n = 7). In our analyses, we considered 2 outcomes of interest: presence or absence of influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination in specific work zones and LBM–level zone-specific influenza A(H5) environmental contamination patterns. Work zone-specific environmental contamination patterns were classified as negative if all 3 work zones tested negative; ASE–positive when all 3 work zones tested positive; S only–positive when only the slaughtering and processing zone tested positive; SE– or AS–positive when the slaughtering and processing zone and 1 other work zone (E or A) tested positive; and other when the market tested positive for A only, E only, or both A and E.

Source of Information: EID Journal, Vol. 27, No. 9, September 2021

Article Link (Online Journal):

Funding Source:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

In conclusion, this study demonstrates that LBMs located in DNCC of Dhaka are qualitatively more vulnerable to influenza A(H5) virus environmental contamination. The probability of influenza A(H5) environmental contamination is equally likely across all within-LBM sites investigated and particularly higher in the month of March. The slaughtering and processing zones of LBMs could serve as candidate zones for active surveillance programs. Future work also should evaluate the effects of poultry movement and LBM biosecurity in the epidemiology of the influenza A (H5) virus. Sanitation practices, market closures, and slaughtering and processing practice interventions within LBMs would help to reduce market-level influenza A contamination.

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