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A Comprehensive Screening of Bioactivities and Phytochemicals of Different Extracts of Moringa Oleifera

Shahin Alam
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka- 1342, Bangladesh

Tanvir Ahamed
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka- 1342, Bangladesh

Priya Noor
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka- 1342, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Moringa oleifera Lam. (Sazna) is considered a miracle plant of nature possessing outstanding medicinal properties and nutritional values. Almost all the parts of this plant are edible and also have potential bioactivity. The leaves, flowers, seeds have been used traditionally as folk remedies for the treatment of many diseases such as diabetes, constipation, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, etc. For the amazing nutritious and medicinal value, our study focused on the bioactivity and phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera extracts. Phytochemicals are the chemical compounds produced by plants, are involved in protection against fungi, plant viruses and bacterial infection. The preliminarily phytochemical screening revealed the extract richness of Alkaloid, carbohydrate, coumarin, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol, protein, vitamins, minerals, etc. in both flower and leaf extracts. Quantitative analysis revealed that the highest amount of phenol, flavonoid, tannin, protein were found for Sazna flower ethanolic extract (SFM), Sazna flower methanolic extract (SFE), Sazna leaf ethanolic extracts (SLE), and SFM respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by FRAP (Ferric oxide reducing power). The highest (202.18±0.087 μg/mL) ferric oxide reducing activity was found for SFE in comparison to other extracts. For the reducing power assay, SFM showed the highest amount of reducing sugar content (896.55±0.77 μg/mL). The highest Vitamin C content (6.81±0.007 μg/mL) was found for SFM at 1000 μg/mL. The results suggest that M. oleifera (Sazna) has outstanding antioxidant activity and could serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants. However, antimicrobial assays were done with flower and leaf extracts at different solvents at different concentrations. Findings from this study revealed that The maximum activity was observed for methanolic flower extract (14.5±0.5 mm) against gram-positive bacteria and methanolic leaf extract (10.2±0.25 mm) against gram-negative bacteria both at a concentration of 10 mg/disc thus suggests need to refine and standardize these extracts as an alternative source of antimicrobial medicines. The data obtained from this study on bioactivities and phytochemicals of M. oleifera will be useful for the further discovery of new drugs.

Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Bioactive compounds, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial activity

Location: Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (CGPBL), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Development of Host and Medicinal Plants

Commodity: Medicinal Plants

Objectives:

To investigate the bioactivity, both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and the antimicrobial potential of both flower and leaf extracts.

Methodology:

The experiments were conducted at the Cell Genetics and Plant Biotechnology Laboratory (CGPBL), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh (23°53′14′′ N 90°15′56′′ E). The leaves and flowers of M. oleifera were collected from the germplasm center of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh. The collected leaf and flower of M. oleifera were washed thoroughly using distilled water. After washing, samples were sun-dried for seven days and then dried in a hot air oven (JSR, Korea) at 50°C for 72 h. Both leaf and flower were ground separately in a mechanical grinder to get a uniform coarse powder. The powdered materials were taken in separated conical flasks with 70% ethanol and 70% methanol as the solvent and kept in an orbital shaker for three days at room temperature. The extracts were filtered using Whatman no. 1 (pore size 11 µm) filter paper and the filtrates were concentrated using an evaporator at 45°C, and finally, stock solutions of the extracts (100 mg/mL) were prepared using 0.1 N NaCl. After the preparation of the stock solution of extracts, the extraction yield was determined. The yield coefficient is the ratio of the percentage of the weight of extract after evaporation per weight of dry powder taken (Polash et al., 2017). The phytochemical screening was carried out in terms of qualitative and quantitative analysis using different standard methods. Different extracts of M. oleifera were screened for the presence and absence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, coumarin, flavonoid, glycoside, phenol, protein, resin, saponin, tannin and terpenoid. mL of different extracts of M. oleifera were taken into test tubes. Then 3-4 drops of Wagner’s reagent (1.27 g iodine +2 g KI2 in 100 mL distilled water) were added to the test tubes. After mixing, the solutions were heated at 60°C for 30 minutes in the heated water bath. The appearance of a radish brown color indicated the presence of alkaloids (Rizk, 1982). An equal volume of Fehling's A (copper sulfate in distilled water) and Fehling’s B (Na-K tartarate and sodium hydroxide in distilled water) reagents were taken into test tubes and mixed thoroughly. The tubes were boiled (65°C) in the water bath for a minute. Then an equal volume of different extracts of M. oleifera was added to the reagent mixture and boiled for 10-15 min. A primarily yellow color appeared and finally, a brick-red precipitate of cuprous oxide was obtained and indicated the presence of reducing sugars (Patel et al., 2014). 1mL of different sample extracts were taken into test tubes. Then 2.5 mL of 10 % NaOH were added to each tube. The yellow color of the mixture indicated the presence of coumarin (Ugochukwu et al., 2013). Few drops of 10 % NaOH were added to test tubes each containing 1 mL of sample extracts. The addition of NaOH to sample solution initiated the formation of intense yellow color and then the solution became colorless upon addition of few drops of diluted acid HCL. This indicates the presence of flavonoids (Mondal et al., 2017).

Source of Information: International Journal of Biosciences - Vol. 19, No. 2, p. 51-64, 2021

Article Link (Online Journal): http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/19.2.51-64

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

According to the results found in this study, it can be summarized that phytochemicals present in the flower and leaf extracts can be used as a major source of therapeutic compounds. Both (leaf and Flower) extracts of M. Oleifera exhibited antioxidant activity which may be correlated with the presence of high phenolic compounds in the extracts. Total phenolic content had a positive correlation with antioxidant capacity. The plant extract contains bioactive principles which are active in the inhibition of free radicals. This study, therefore, supports the use of the extract M. oleifera is a medicinal plant. An extensive investigation needs to be carried out on the antioxidant properties and toxicity of the plant. Both extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity. To elucidate the potential mechanism of action of these extracts, further investigations are highly recommended.

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