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Effect of Water Stress and Potassium Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Transplanted Aman Rice

Nasima Akter
Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh.

Muhammad Abdus Sobahan
School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur- 1705, Bangladesh.

Md. Shahidul Islam
Agronomy Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh.

Shahana Parveen
Irrigation and Water Management Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur-1701, Bangladesh.

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Drought stress affects plant growth and development and ultimately reduces the grain yield of rice. The use of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization may enhance rice tolerance to drought stress. But drought at different growth stages may respond differently which is still unclear. This research work was carried out to determine the effects of different periodical water stress combined with potassium fertilization on growth, yield, leaf gas exchanges, and biochemical changes in transplanted Aman rice (cv. BRRI dhan71) grown in the field condition and compare them with standard practice (control). Three levels of water stress (Control: Regular irrigation with 1 cm standing water, periodical water stress for 10 days from 15 days after transplanting (DAT) to harvest and water stress for 10 days after panicle initiation or reproductive phase) and two potassium (K) fertilization levels (41 kg K ha^-1 and 51 kg K ha^-1) were evaluated in this experiment. The application of water stress for 10 days at the reproductive phase and application of potassium at 51 kg K ha^-1 showed tolerance to drought stress by increasing chlorophyll content, proline levels, and maximum efficiency of photosynthesis in comparison to other treatments. It was observed that rice yield and other physiological parameters reduced with increasing duration of water stress by periodical water stress for 10 days from 15 DAT to maturity while application of additional potassium fertilizer (51 kg K ha^-1) has a slight effect on those parameters. From our observation, 10 days of water stress at the reproductive phase of rice with potassium fertilization at 51 kg K ha⁻¹ produced higher grain yield and yield components that are equivalent to standard practice. It was also observed that the biomass and filled spikelet were not affected without irrigation for 10 days at the reproductive phase. Therefore, it could be stated that the rice variety BRRI dhan71 does not require flood irrigation, and water stress for 10 days at the reproductive phase is more appropriate to increase water use and optimum yield of rice.

Keywords: Drought, Leaf gas exchanges, Perch water table, Potassium, Soil moisture, Water stress

Location: Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) farm, Gazipur

Start Date: 00-00-2017

End Date: 00-00-2017

Program Area: Crop-Soil-Water Management

Commodity: Potash, Water stress

Objectives:

To investigate the impact of periodical water stress and potassium fertilization on growth and yield, chlorophyll content, proline content, and leaf gas exchange of BRRI dhan71, a drought-tolerant variety of Bangladesh.

Methodology:

The experiment was conducted at a rain-out shelter of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) farm, Gazipur during T. Aman 2017. Rice variety BRRI dhan71 was used as plant material. BRRI dhan71 was developed and released by BRRI as a drought-tolerant variety and is currently recommended for cultivation in the drought-prone areas of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications of the treatments. The main plot treatments were irrigation water management, i.e., I₁ = Control (Regular irrigation with 1 cm standing water), I₂ = Periodical water stress for 10 days from 15 DAT to maturity, and I₃ = Water stress for 10 days after panicle initiation (PI) or reproductive phase. The subplot treatments were K management, i.e., K₁ = 41 kg K ha^-1 (30% at 15 DAT, 70% at 30 DAT) and K₂ = 51 kg K ha^-1 (30% at 15 DAT, 30% at 30 DAT, 40% at 50 DAT). The unit plot size was (4 m × 2.5 m). Fertilizers were applied @ 70-10-11 kg ha^-1 N-P- S as urea, TSP, and gypsum. Thirty-day-old seedlings were transplanted using one seedling hill^-1. The full doses of P, S, and 1/3 of N were applied during final land preparation and the remaining N was top-dressed at 20 and 45 DAT. Before initiation of water treatment the soils were brought to the same moisture condition (20-30 %). To avoid rainfall all the plots were shaded by polythene sheet before transplanting. The water table depth and soil moisture were measured at an interval of 10 days. The water table depth was measured by installing a PVC pipe and the portion of the pipe (35 cm) below the ground surface was perforated. Soil moisture content was determined with the fresh soil sampled from the depths of 0 - 0.2 m and 0.21 - 0.4 m in the experimental field. Sampled fresh weight was weighed and dried in the oven for 24 hours at 105°C. The gravimetric soil water content was determined using the formula as follows: Soil moisture content (%) = [(fresh soil weight-dry soil weight)/dry soil weight × 100]. Tiller number was counted from twelve hills in each of the plots then converted into per square meter from 15 DAT and continued till maturity at an interval of 15 days. Tiller mortality (TM) was calculated using the following formula (Zain et al., 2014): TM (%) = [(Maximum number of tillers - panicles number)/Maximum number of tillers × 100]. At maturity, the plant height was measured from the soil surface to the tip of the tallest panicle. The Rice leaf area index (LAI) was taken at the heading stage by LICOR 3100. SPAD meter was used to measure the greenness of relative chlorophyll content of leaves (Inada, 1985). The youngest fully expanded leaf of a plant was used for SPAD measurement. Readings were taken on one side of the midrib of the leaf blade. Proline content was determined using ninhydrin acid reagent according to Bates et al. (1973). The level of photosynthesis was measured from the topmost fully expanded leaves during the grain filling stage and by using a closed infrared gas analyzer LICOR 6400 portable photosynthesis system (IRGA, Licor Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA). The rate of photosynthesis was measured at an interval of three minutes. The temperature of the block and the leaf was 32 ± 1°C, relative humidity was maintained at 65 ± 5% with a constant light intensity of 1400 μmol m^-2 s^-1 and the flow rate was maintained at 400 μmol s^-1. For dry matter and proline determination, plant samples were harvested by cutting about 2 cm above the soil surface at active tillering, maximum tillering, heading, and maturity stage. The vegetative plant parts were oven-dried at 72°C for 72 h to constant weight and then weighed to calculate the stem dry weight of the respective stage. The remaining root mass of each section was washed to remove soil and then oven-dried at 72°C for 72 h and weighed again for root dry weight. At maturity, the plants of 5 m² area were harvested for the determination of yield and yield components. The collected data were analyzed using the statistical program cropstat 7.2 (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). The treatment means were separated using the least significant difference test at the 5% level of probability.

Source of Information: South Asian J. Agric. Vol. 8, No. 1 & 2, 2020-’21: 36-44

Article Link (Online Journal): https://discipline.ku.ac.bd/at

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

The results of the present study indicate that the increase of the water stress cycle reduces the yield of rice. However, proline accumulation in leaves increased and chlorophyll content reduced with increased duration of the water stress cycle. There was no interaction between irrigation and K levels in respect of the parameters studied for the BRRI dhan71. It was also observed that the biomass and filled spikelet were not affected by the withdrawal of irrigation for 10 days at the reproductive phase. The imposition of water stress for 10 days at the reproductive phase has been found to enhance rice tolerance to water stress. Therefore, the cultivation of the rice variety BRRI dhan71 does not require flood irrigation as it is necessary for most of the traditional rice varieties. These findings might be suggested for the rice growers of Bangladesh where irrigation water is scarce.

Knowledge Management: Journal