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Central Nervous System Depressant Effects of the Methanolic Leaves Extracts of Tabernaemontana Divaricata

Md. Omor Faruq
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Mst. Shirajum Munira*
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sonia Zaman
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sabiha Ferdowsy Koly
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Rayhanus Salam
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Sonia Rani Das
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Md. Anisur Rahaman
Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract/ Executive Summary:

Tabernaemontana divaricata (TD) (family: Apocynaceae) has remarkable medicinal value. Traditionally the plant is used as an emmenagogue, aphrodisiac, tonic, purgative, tonic to the brain, the liver and spleen. Considering the important activities reported in traditional uses, aim of the present study was to assess the effect of methanolic extract of TD leaves on the central nervous system (CNS) in mice. The CNS depressant activity was assessed by open field and hole cross test while anti-depressant activity was evaluated by tail suspension and force swimming test. Two dose 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight were used for this purpose. A statically significantly decreases in locomotor activity at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg was observed. The extracts, at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, were shown to have better effect than 200 mg/kg. The results demonstrated that the extract of TD leaves had the potential phytomedicine value for its significant CNS depressant properties.

Keywords: Open field, Hole cross, Tail suspension, Force swimming, CNS depressant , Tabernaemontana divaricata.

Location: In Bangladesh.

Start Date:

End Date:

Program Area: Development of Host and Medicinal Plants

Commodity: Medicinal Plants

Objectives:

To the best of our knowledge, no scientific data regarding the neuropharmacological effect on Hole cross method, Tail suspension test, and Forced swimming test of T. divaricata leaves have been found. Thus the present study was undertaken to evaluate the neuropharmacological effect of methanolic extract of T. divaricata leaves.

Methodology:

2.1.Plant Materials and Extraction Tabernaemontana divaricata (TD) were collected from the adjacent area Feni, Bangladesh during October 2017. The plant material was taxonomically identified by the National Herbarium of Bangladesh. Its voucher specimen no 45254. maintained in our laboratory for future reference. Powdered plant materials (Flowers) having a weight of 350 gm were taken in an amber colored reagent bottle and soaked in methanol. The bottle with its contents were sealed and kept for a period of about 7 days with occasional shaking and stirring. The whole mixture was then filtered through cotton and then through what man No.1 filters paper and was concentrated with a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 55°C temperature to afford crude extract. 2.2. Animals Swiss albino mice (25-30g) were used for assessing biological activity. The animals were maintained under standard laboratory conditions. The animals were allowed to adjust to the environment for 10 days prior to the experimental session. The animals were divided into different groups, each consisting of five animals which were fasted overnight prior to the experiments. Experiments on animals were performed in accordance with guidelines of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Animal treatment and maintenance for analgesic effects were conducted in accordance with the Principle of Laboratory Animal Care (NIH publication No. 85-23, revised 1985) and apply Guidelines of Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2.3.Drugs and Chemicals Diazepam and Diclofenac Sodium were obtained from Square Pharmaceuticals Company Ltd, Bangladesh. Nortriptyline was obtained from Navana Pharmaceuticals Limited, Bangladesh. Acetic acid was purchased from Merck, Germany. Normal saline water (0.9% NaCl), a creation of Beximco Infusion Company Ltd., Bangladesh was purchased from local market. 2.4.Neuropharmacological Test 2.4.1. Open Field Test The experiment was carried out following the methods described by Wash and Cummins. This experiment evaluates a range of anxiety-induced, locomotor activity and exploratory actions of rodents. The animals were divided into four groups with five mice in each group. Group I animals received vehicle (saline water, 10 ml/kg body weight), animals of Group II received Diazepum at 1 mg/kg body weight while animals of Group III, IV were treated with 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (p.o.) of the TD leaves extract. The floor of an open field of half square meter was separated into a series of squares. Every squares is alternatively colored black and white. The tools had 40 cm height a wall. Total number of squares visited by mice was computed for 3 min on 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after oral administration of test samples.

2.4.2. Hole Cross Test It was described by Takagi [33]. A cage having a size of 30×20×14 cm with a steel partition fixed at the middle. A hole of 3 cm diameter was made at a height of 7.5 cm in the middle of the cage. The animals were segregated into different group and each group contain 5 animals. The control group received vehicle (saline water) whereas the test group received T. divaricata extracts (at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) and standard group received diazepam at the dose of 1mg/kg body weight orally. Each mice was then placed on one side of the chamber and the number of passages of each mice through the hole from one chamber to other was recorded for 3 min on 30, 60, 90 and 120 min during the study period. 2.4.3. Tail Suspension Test The tail suspension test is commonly used to measure the effects of psychotropic drugs, such as antidepressants, in mice [34]. Briefly, mice both acoustically and visually isolated were hold 30 cm above the floor by adhesive tape placed approximately 1-2 cm from the tip of the tail. During a 5 min period, Immobility time was recorded. Mice were considered immobile only when they hung passively or stayed completely motionless. Conventional antidepressant drugs decrease the immobility time in this test. The animals were treated with the plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), nortriptyline or vehicle, 45 min before the test. 2.4.4. Forced Swimming Test Forced swimming test is important for showing of antidepressant activity. It is the most widely used pharmacological model for measuring antidepressant activity. This method is based on the observation of animals exposed to a situation of forced swimming. In this test, animals become passive and immobile after a period of forceful activity, producing only the movements required to keep their heads above the water. This test was carried out on mice according to the method of Porsolt. Swimming sessions were performed by placing the animals in individual Plexiglas’s cylinders (40 cm high, 24 cm diameter) containing 20 cm of water. The animals were treated with the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg), nortriptyline (1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Treatments were occurred before 45 minute of the test. All animals were forced to swim for 6 min, and the time spent in immobility during the last 5 min of a 6 min observation period was traced. A decrease in the duration of immobility in the forced swimming test indicates antidepressant activity. The period between when the mouse was immersed and when no further attempts to escape were made (apart from the movements necessary to keep its head above the water) was recorded as the immobility time.

Source of Information: International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP) Volume 4, Issue 1, 2018, PP 1-7 ISSN No. (Online) 2454-7999

Article Link (Online Journal): DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-7999.0401001 www.arcjournals.org

Funding Source:

Budget:

Total Budget (Tk.) :

Achievement/Findings:

Our findings confirmed the depressant activity of Tabernaemontana divaricata .From the study it may be concluded that the test drug can be replaced as an alternative agent in preventing and treating the anxiety. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety profile of the plant as safe and therapeutic depressant agent.

Knowledge Management: Journal