The Garo tribal community is one of the largest indigenous communities and resides primarily in the northcentral districts of Bangladesh. They claim themselves to belong to about 45 clans. An ethnomedicinal survey was conducted among the traditional medicinal practitioners of fifteen clans of the Garo community residing in Madhupur sub-district of Tangail district in Bangladesh. These fifteen clans represented people from the Nokrek, Dibya, Hadima, Chammug, Morong, Chisim, Simsa, Mangsha, Jencham, Dio, Ajim, Dhalbot, Chirang, Rondhi, and Athiora clans and consisted of about 12,000 people. Four tribal practitioners were present among these people. A total of 54 plants were observed to be used by the tribal practitioners. Three plants could not be identified; the rest 51 plants were distributed into 33 families. Various parts of a plant as well as whole plants were used in the medicinal formulations. Leaves constituted the major plant part used and constituted 36.9% of total uses. Roots and whole plants constituted 13.8% of total uses when individually calculated, followed by fruits at 12.3% and barks at 9.2%. Other plant parts used were stems, flowers, seeds, rhizomes, and thorns. The various ailments treated with these plant species included jaundice, malaria, allergy, respiratory tract disorders, bone fracture, skin disorders, leucorrhea, pain, edema, bleeding from external cuts and wounds, vitamin deficiency, fever, helminthiasis, weak nerves, gastrointestinal disorders, formation of stone in lungs, diabetes, sexual problems, physical weakness, hydrocele, hypertension, hemorrhoids, insanity, irregular menstruation, bilious fever, oral lesions, and accumulation of toxins in blood. Traditional knowledge of plants has always played a major role in the discovery of new drugs. From that view point, the medicinal plants of the Garos can play a major role in stimulating scientific research on these plants, which can lead to discovery of newer and more efficacious drugs. Among the diseases treated by the Garo tribal practitioners are diabetes, insanity, and malaria. The first two diseases have no known total cure in allopathic medicine, and malaria is rapidly developing drug-resistant vectors. As such, it would prove to be a scientific breakthrough if effective drugs against these three ailments can be developed from the plant species used by the Garos.