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Research Detail

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M. N. Uddin
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

S. A. Toma
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

M. N. Hossain
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

O. Islam
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

S. Khatun
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

M. Begum
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

S. U. Ahmed
Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

M. R. Akanda
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100

The purpose of this review is to provide detailed information about the use of herbs and spices in ruminant and non-ruminant animals and their effect on meat quality. Herbs are dried leaves of any aromatic plants used to impart flavor and odour of food and spices are dried parts of any aromatic plants without leaves. Herbs and spices produced different natural and non-antibiotic phytogenic feed additives. Most usual and repeatedly used herbs and spices for phytogenic feed additives in swine, cattle, and poultry production are garlic, chili, cayenne, pepper, peppermint, cinnamon, horseradish thyme, anise, rosemary sage, and oregano. Numerous useful properties of herbs and spices compounds derived from their bioactive molecules are piperine, linalool, carvacrol, capsaicin, cineole, allicin, thymol, allyl isothiocyanate, and anethole. Herbs and spices have antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antiviral, antifungal, insecticidal, and antioxygenic properties. The prospective benefits of using herbs and spices in ruminant and non-ruminant nutrition are stimulated nutrient digestion and absorption, improved health status declined incidence of diseases, increased feed intake and average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, increased carcass yield, improved meat quality, and shelf life of meat. The aim of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on the use of herbs and spices as feed additives in ruminant and non-ruminant animals.

  Ruminant, Non Ruminant, Herbs, Spices, Meat quality
  Department of Livestock Production and Management, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100
  
  
  Quality and Nutrition
  Nutrition

The present study discusses the utilization of these herbs and spices in ruminant and non-ruminant diets for the improvement of livestock performance.

The use of herbs and spices in the animal diet depends on some factors such as animal species, age and production. Each herb contains a different biological substance, which produces different effects on the animal body. In the present time, increasing interest by using herbal plants as a feed additives alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. By the use of herbal plants as a supplemented feed increased feed intake and digestive secretions in animals (Windisch and Kroismayr 2006). The beneficial effect on the ecosystem of gut microflora through controlling influential pathogens is the function of phytogenic feed additives (Windisch et al., 2008). Effect of essential oil on improved growth promoter was shown at different ages of birds by Jamroz et al. (2003), Hernandez et al. (2004), and Cross et al. (2007). Essential oils may affect lipid metabolism, fat digestibility and also stimulate digestive enzymes (Platel and Srinivasan, 2000). Guo et al. (2003) indicated that herbal supplementation increased the growth of immune organs. Hashemi and Davoodi (2010) showed that, so much effect of phytobiotic feed additives on production performance in poultry. Different herbal plants such as sage, thyme, rosemary and the mixture of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and capsaicin elevated feed digestibility in broilers was reported by Hernandez et al. (2004). Al-Kassie and Jameel (2009), was studied the effect of thyme and cinnamon on the performance of broilers and found their positive effect on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and improvement of the health of poultry. In broiler, garlic, Peppermint, sage, echinacea, thyme, oregano, clove and cinnamon have no effect on body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, final body weight, average daily gain (Arczewska-Wlosek 2012; Isabel 2009; Emami, 2012 and Krknar 2011) and Oregano helps the improvement of body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (Mohiti-Asli., 2015; Roofchaee, 2011; Silva, 2009), Placha 2013 reported that Thyme EO has no effect on faecal and caecal bacterial counts and improvement of intestinal integrity and antioxidant status in rabbits. In the case of pigs, thyme, rosemary, cinnamon, oregano, peppermint, anise and clove improved the average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, gross energy digestibility and crude protein digestibility but peppermint, anise and clove have no effect on body weight gain and feed intake (Yan 2010; Maenner, 2011; Namkung 2004). Herbs and spices are also used in ruminant diets. Legionary research among herbs and spices exhibit sound effects on feed intake, immune functions and health, rumen fermentation and productivity of calves, dairy cows, heifers and also beef cattle (Kraszewski et al., 2002; Greathead, 2003; Wawrzynczak et al. 2000; Cardozo et al. 2006). The result of Benchaar et al. (2007) showed that thymol, eugenol, vanillin, guaiacol, and limonene have limited effects on nutrient utilization, ruminal fermentation, and milk performance of cows. In dairy cows, Garlic and Blend of oregano, cinnamon, thyme, and orange peel have no effect on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, volatile fatty acid concentration, milk yield, nutrients digestibility but Improvement of feed digestibility in rumen. (Yang et al., 2007; Spanghero et al., 2009). Vakili, et al., (2013) reported that Cinnamon and Thyme have No effect on dry matter intake, average daily gain, volatile fatty acid concentration, and ruminal pH. Decrease of A: P ratio in calves but Anise extract reduces the VFA concentration and rumen parameters in beef heifers (Fandiño, et al., 2008). In lambs and sheep, Carvacrol and Garlic have no effects on rumen parameter, dry matter intake, average daily weight, carcass characteristics, and meat characteristics. On the other hand, carvacrol reduces the ruminal pH and increases VFA concentration (Chaves et al., 2008; Bhatt. et al., 2011). The mixture of clove, oregano, cinnamon, and lemon in Sheep have no effect on dry matter intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal pH. Decrease of VFA concentration, A: P ratio and ruminal protein digestibility (Lin, et. al., 2013). Gladine et al. (2007) tested the antioxidant effect of marigold, grape, rosemary and citrus extracts in sheep. Meat quality can be described by the chemical, physicochemical, nutritional, sensory, health, and food safety characteristics that would be more preferable to the consumer and a higher price in the market (Duclos et al., 2007; Dunshea et al., 2005; Farrell et al., 2003). Still, now, there are many studies that evaluate the incorporation of phytochemicals into diets to improve meat quality. Hong et al., 2012 reported that Oregano, anis, and citrus peel increase the tenderness and acceptability of broiler meat. Clove powder, Agronomy extract, and Lemon balm increase Crude protein and sensory evaluation but decrease Fat. Soybean isoflavone increases body weight gain, feed intake, water holding capacity, pH, and the lightness of meat (Jiang et al., 2007). Genistein and hesperidin mixture helps to increase the polyunsaturated fatty acid in breast muscles of broilers. (Kamboh and Zhu 2013). Oregano essential oil significantly decreased lipid peroxidation of cooked and fresh meat during refrigerated storage and also efficiently preserved the quality of chicken meat during frozen storage (Botsoglou et al., 2003a and Botsoglou et al., 2003b). The result of (Janz et al.,2007) showed that Essential oils and Oleoresins (rosemary, garlic, oregano, and ginger) have a Minimal impact on lipid oxidation but Alarcón-Rojo et al., 2013 reported that singly oregano decrease lipid oxidation in porcine. In porcine, Captis chinensis herb extract increase Meat color, pH, water holding capacity, and unsaturated fatty acid and decreases saturated fatty acid (Zhou et al., 2003). In case of Bovine, Ferulic acid increase Tenderness, juiciness, flavor of meat and smaller increases in TBAs values (González-Ríos et al., 2016). In ovine, Cinnamaldehyde of Diet increases off-flavour intensity, and Hesperidin decrease Lipid oxidation values.

  International Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2021, 8(3): 01-16
  DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5470745
Funding Source:
1.   Budget:  
  

Herbs and spices can be used as natural non-antibiotic growth promoters. Herbs and spices have antimicrobial, antioxidative, growth-promoting, and immune-stimulating effects on ruminant, non-ruminant, and poultry. The herbs and spices have potential antimicrobial effects to promote a concluding decline of intestinal pathogen burden through inhibition of adherence to the mucosa. It has a pronounced role in the intensification of digestive enzyme action and absorption capability. Herbs and spices have valuable effects on normal gut function, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, nutrient digestibility, body weight gain, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and egg production in poultry. Herbs and spices also have positive effects on growth performance and meat quality in swine and cattle. Herbs and spices help to endure good health and welfare of the animals and improve their performance. Herbs and spices extracts have ample potential in manipulating the rumen fermentation process by decreasing methane production, ammonium concentration, and rumen fermentation.

  Journal
  


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